______________________________________________________________________________ | File Name : WACHSPRE.ASC | Online Date : 07/12/95 | | Contributed by : Zero Profile Ltd.| Dir Category : GRAVITY | | From : KeelyNet BBS | DataLine : (214) 324-3501 | | A FREE Alternative Sciences BBS sponsored by Vanguard Sciences | | KeelyNet * PO BOX 870716 * Mesquite, Texas * USA * 75187 | | Voice/FAX : (214) 324-8741 InterNet - keelynet@ix.netcom.com | | WWW Mirror - http://www.eskimo.com/~billb | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| This file deals with a magnetic method of directional control, and will be updated when we get the diagrams, either as uploads or scanned in locally. One of our contacts spoke with Mr. Wachspress about a year ago and he a free flying SUPERCONDUCTING version actually uses the Earth's magnetic field to provide free flight. Demonstrations are available for $5000. If the flying device is allowed to ascend without restriction, it will move out of the atmosphere. Note this patent uses electromagnets to demonstrate the directional control techniques invented by Mr. Wachspress. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ** TYPED IN ASCII FILE FORMAT FROM THE U.S. PATENT DOCUMENT ** Complements of: Zero Profile, Ltd. and Magnetic Power, Inc. of Sebastopol, CA United States Patent - Patent Number : 4,874,346 Wachspress - Date of Patent : Oct. 17, 1989 FREE FLYING MAGNETIC LEVITATOR Inventor: Herb Wachspress Appl. No. 141,566 Filed: Jan 6, 1988 (ref. Documents and other publications omitted) ABSTRACT A free flying magnetic levitator that is self stabilized and fully maneuverable for magnetic structure establishing an odd number of poles for interaction with another magnetic field having an even number of poles to produce linear motion instead of rotation without a guideway. Longitudinally wound coils produce the odd pole magnetic field for maximizing coupling with an even pole field such as the magnetic field of the earth. 13 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets (Future - Drawings to be included in GIF format) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ FREE FLYING MAGNETIC LEVITATOR BACKGROUND OF INVENTION It is known in the art of magnetics that magnets and magnetic materials can exert forces of attraction and/or repulsion between each other and various magneto-mechanical devices are known, including flying systems such as levitating trains. These levitators require some form of linear guideway to provide lateral stability and directional guidance. Without such a guideway the interaction between opposing magnet systems would terminate linear motion. The levitator would no longer have suspension and thrust, and would rotate to a static rest. A novel levitator is herein provided that requires no guideway, is free flying, self stabilized and fully maneuverable. With regard to movement of the levitator hereof in space, it is noted that the earth's magnetic field has substantially parallel lines of force over any limited distance and the present invention provides for establishing an interacting TRIPOLE magnetic field by forming the turns of magnetic fields thereof perpendicularly to the circumference of the winding. With such winds, interaction with the earth's magnetic field, for example, results from coupling primarily through the vector potential field of the levitator windings and obeys Ampere's longitudinal force law to indeed produce substantial thrust in the "weak" magnetic field of the earth. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a levitator or flight unit incorporating a number of magnets having an odd number of poles that is controllably movable in an external magnetic field and which is herein embodied as a toy having a tethered flight unit controllably movable in a magnetic field. The term field generator is herein employed to define a principal magnetic field source that the levitator interacts with. It is known that a magnet having three poles may be formed by physically connecting a pair of dipole magnets together with like poles contacting each other. This structure may then have, for example, north poles at each end and a south pole at the center. It has been commented by at least one researcher that such structure has no useful purpose. It is possible, however, to combine tripole magnets, for example, in such a way that a net force is exerted thereon by an external magnetic field to the end of moving the combination by magnetic forces and in fact to support and move the combination in the space by such forces. A simple combination of tripole electromagnetics is herein controllably energized to not only levitate the combination in a magnetic field, but also to controllably move the combination in the field. Considering magnetic forces and interactions as an aid to understanding the present invention, it is first noted that magneto-mechanical interactions are the direct result of polar relationships. Conventional magneto-mechanical machines have an even number of active poles and can be explained by elementary dipole-dipole interactions. It is known that opposite poles attract and like poles repel. Two unrestrained dipoles may exhibit some repulsion temporarily, but will not remain in stable opposition, as they inevitably rotate and attract each other. A single isolated magnetic pole has been hypothesized as an elementary particle but no single pole magnets have been adequately confirmed. A hypothetical isolated magnetic pole would be attracted toward another OPPOSITE monopole and repelled from a like monopole along a straight trajectory. A monopole would be attracted to one pole of the dipole and repelled by the other pole and would follow a curvilenear trajectory. A first dipole magnet can be made to move across the field lines of a second if the field of the first magnet is tapered, although a tapered dipole will also rotate as it cuts across the field and will come to rest when in line with the other field's force lines. A three pole magnet, as employed in the present invention, exhibits many of the characteristics of a monopole. If the flux in both halves of a tripole are equal, the opposite rotational moments thereof in a magnetic field will balance each other. However, in order to have linear motion between a tripole and a dipole, the inner pole and outer poles of the tripole must have different effective strengths and they should couple to the dipole field with different efficiencies. In essence, there should be weaker and stronger poles, i.e., a pole differential. Winding an electromagnetic tripole along two opposite horn or cone sections with their throats meeting in the middle creates a greater magnetic flux density in the middle pole because there are more turns per ampere of current flow in the middle pole compared to the outer poles. Also, the inner and outer poles operate at different characteristic impedance (mostly reluctance and inductive reactance) causing a differential of coupling efficiencies to the external dipole field. Without these acting on the tripole they would balance each other and there would be no motion. Another major factor determining the overall magnetomechanical performance of the dipole-tripole interactions and all even pole-even pole, odd pole-odd pole interactions is the overall impedance matching of opposing systems. In most magnetomechanical systems the gap between moving elements is very small the loss of efficiency by poor impedance matching is insignificant so there has been little investigation of the problem. However, a free flying magnetic levitator generator system, with the flux in the medium between them, where the gap between moving elements can be very large, impedance matching becomes important. A closer impedance match is a function of the size, shape and materials of the opposing systems. In the case of an electromagnet tripole interacting with a permanent magnet dipole, it is proposed that a coating of the winding wire of the tripole with materials having a magnetic permeability larger than the wire but smaller than the permanent magnet dipole would improve coupling efficiency and that such permeability should be close to the permeability of the medium between both systems. The use of coating to improve the performance of a system is common practice in other technologies, although the correlations to magnetic levitators have been evidenced only by rudimentary demonstration. The electromagnet tripole is not limited to employing slowly varying direct electrical currents, but can employ all types of modulated alternating currents, hence the levitator becomes a cross between a motor and antenna. The permanent magnet dipole has certain characteristic electromagnetic resonances and a dynamic antenna motor tripole serving as a levitator will interact dynamically with the dipole as well as statistically; however, such theory and application is still only rudimentarily developed. However, the static odd pole even pole interactions of novel value are more clearly demonstrated and explained above. Free flying magnetic levitators can be configured from two tripoles disposed perpendicularly to each other, as well as other combinations of tripoles, five pole magnets and other odd pole combinations. A simple magnetic levitator is a full embellishment of Coulombs law for magnetomechanical systems: F sub FL = KC sub (PHI) F (PHI) L = U sub m to R squared Where F= force between the levitator and the field generator, C=coupling efficiency, (PHI)F=magnetic flux of the field generator, (PHI)L=magnetic flux of the levitator, U sub m=permeability of the medium, r=distance between the levitator and the field generator, K=universal magnetic constant (for compatability of units). This law is applicable to all permanent and electromagnets operating as motors or generators. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ BRIEF DESCCRIPTION OF FIGURES (omitted) DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS (Brief excerpts of the following eight pages of description are referenced by column and line number CC:LL) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8:38 It will be seen that the flight unit may be controlled, not only to hover in an exterior magnetic field or the field of an exterior field generator also to make all of the motions possible with conventional flying devices such as an airplane. One operating the present invention may thus move the flight unit about in the surrounding magnetic field. It will of corse, be appreciated that the controls of the control unit may be set up in a variety of ways, possibly for example, by providing separate joy sticks for (each axis) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10:51 If the current in a wire loop is considered to be in 3D space, the magnetic field around the wire is the vector curl of the current and exists some further dimension that might be considered to as in 4D space. If the magnetic field around the wire is considered to be in 4D space the vector potential field around the magnetic field is the vector curl of the magnetic field and exists some further dimension that might be considered as in 5D space. Many more fields are nested in fields of higher dimensionality but only two are known to demonstrate macroscopic forces of interaction, magnetic fields via many common linear and rotational motors and vector potential fields. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12:5 It will be appreciated that levitation for any substantial distance in the earth's magnetic field is best accomplished without physical connection of the levitator to the ground or power supply. This can be accomplished by providing the levitator itself with a self contained power supply. Such a power supply may energize the windings of the levitator magnets with electrical energy stored in the windings. Considering this matter..it is noted that force, F, applied to a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field, B, is proportional to Bli, wherein l is the length of the conductor and i is current flowing through the conductor. Interactions with the relatively weak earth's magnetic field produces levitation and motion of the levitator hereof may best be accomplished by causing a very large current to flow through the windings of the electromagnet thereof. Reference is made in this respect to FIG. 16 illustrating a curve of critical current versus magnetic field strength. Commonly motors are operated in the range wherein the current is relatively low and the field strength is relatively high. Inasmuch as the field strength of the earth's magnetic field is known to be quite low, the present invention operates upon an entirely different portion of the curve, as indicated, for example, at C thereon wherein a very large current is employed. The current carrying capacity of electrical conductors is known to be related to the resistance thereof, and in order to achieve truly high current density, the present invention employs conductors having extremely small or substantially zero resistance, i.e., superconductors. One known superconductor of use here is niobium-titanium that may comprise an alloy containing 48% titanium and a superconductor so comprised preferably includes copper cladding of full annealed copper. Superconducting properties of alloys are generally considered to be attainable only at very reduced temperatures although recent research indicates that some types of conductors may exhibit superconducting properties at higher temperatures. There is schematically illustrated in FIG. 17 a levitator incorporating a tripole magnet or tripole magnet and cryostat. The cryostat includes an outer insulated envelope providing heat insulating for the interior thereof and an interior shell mounting the tripole magnet. A vacuum connection is provided to evacuate the interior of the envelope and shell, and a fill and vent line extends to the rear exterior of the envelope with a valve therein. A switch is electrically connected between the terminals of the tripole and terminals exterior to the envelope. In accordance with conventional practice the cryostat is first evacuated and then charged with liquid helium through the valve. The tripole is then charged by an external power supply through the switch which is connected accross the windings to prevent shorting of the power supply during charging. After disconnection of the power supply the valve is opened to vent the liquid helium so as to bring the temperature therein to a very low temperature by boiling of the liquid helium. Actuation of the switch then causes a circulating current to flow through the windings of the tripole against substantially zero resistance so that this current then persists to produce the above noted magnetic field about the tripole which couples with the earth's magnetic field to cause forces of interaction which move or levitate the levitator. It will, of course, be appreciated that this levitator may, and preferably does, include a pair of orthogonal disposed tripoles, however, only a single tripole is illustrated in FIG. 17 for ease of illustration and description. The levitator of FIG. 17 may, for example, comprise a small space vehicle with the outer shell being formed of aluminum sheet having dimension of ten inches in length by two and half inches in diameter with the motor comprising a pair of tripole windings of niobium-titanium wire having a one inch diameter and two inch length. With the structure weighing one ounce and the motor weighing three ounces, a refrigerant in the form of two ounces of liquid helium may be provided therein to provide a total weight at lift off of 6 ounces. Such a unit may have a total thrust at lift off of 9 ounces with an altitude at burnout of three miles and a velocity of twenty five hundreds of miles per hour at such burnout. Steering of such a unit may be accomplished by controlled passage of some current through an orthogonal winding of aluminum wire, for example, which exhibits some resistance at the temperature of operation of the unit so as to provide desired lateral forces of interaction with the earth's magnetic field. The tripole magnet field hereof with longitudinally wound toroidial windings as shown, for example, in FIG. 13, may also be formed by placing the conductors upon a deformable form that may be similar to the structure of FIG. 10 wherein the ends of the winds are capable of being rotated. A winding may thus be formed as elongated turns in a cylindrical shape, as shown at A of FIG. 18. End discs or rings are then controllably rotated in opposite directions to twist the winding into a pair of frusto-conical shapes having contiguous small ends, as shown at B of FIG. 18. Appropriate electrical connections are made to the windings as noted above and the tripole electromagnet may thus be readily controlled as to taper of the windings for establishing a desired differential field strengths between the center and ends thereof. It will be appreciated that there has been described above a free flying magnetic levitator having extended capabilities not only for producing usable forces of interaction with generated electrical fields but also with the earth's magnetic field. It is further noted that the present invention particularly as described in the above noted example of a levitator in accordance herewith may be scaled up to larger sizes with increased efficiencies and the capablilties of lifting substantial payloads. It is also noted that the toroidal windings of FIGS. 13 and 14 may be employed in each of the configurations described and illustrated for the winding of FIG. 2, for example. Thus the present invention does provide a material advancement in the field of space vehicles whether such space be considered as the space above a desktop or as the space about the earth, and beyond. 14:08 to 16:30 (Summary of Patent Claims) has been omitted portions of the above U.S. Patent document have been omitted to simplify the transcription to machine readable form. For the complete document contact the U.S. Patent Office. The Los Angeles Library will provide direct fax transmission of U.S. patent documents for a nominal fee. --------- end of patent document ------ transcribed 4/15/93 GIF files of the FIGS from this document will be provided as: Wachspr1.GIF through Wachspr6.GIF As soon as they have been scanned in and uploaded (by Zero Profile). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Vanguard Notes The magnetic fields are produced by an interesting geometry which is key to the entire patent claim showing how a magnetic monopole can be constructed and used in a practical application. To get a better idea of how it works, you draw a 'cross' on a piece of paper, then imagine a line drawn vertically through the center, you will have 6 radial lines. Tapered coils are wound on each of these six arms and energized so that the same pole is located at the center. That is, South pole only on the inside and North pole ONLY on the outside (or vice versa). Thus, you have an 'artificial monopole' as a direct result of the geometry. By controlling the current flow through one or more of these conical coils, the device can be caused to move in the desired direction. \ (Z) | / (Y) (Z) \ | / | / (Y) \ | / | / \ | / | / \ | / | / | 6 radial arms |/_________(X) / | \ / | \ (X) / | \ / | \ / | \ | | this end is on the outside ________________|_|__________ wire \_________|_|_________/ (another wonderful ASCII detail) \________|_|________/ this one 'intended' to show how a coil \_______|_|_______/ is wrapped on each of the 6 radial arms \______|_|______/ note : the tapered end faces INWARD Tapered \_____|_|_____/ Coil \____|_|____/ \___|_|__/________ wire | | | | this end goes to center The interactions between the magnetic fields can be so adjusted as to cause the device to tilt. If it is 'floating' as a result of a repelling field (which would be located on the bottom for now...), it works like a boat on water. When constructed of superconducting materials, it will float in the air as it repels against the earth's very weak magnetic field. For demonstration purposes according to the patent diagram, a coil is provided on the bottom to provide a repelling field. The device initially sits on this platform when no power is applied to the floater. When the floater is powered up and since it is of LIKE polarity in a monopolar configuration, it is repelled from the bottom plate freely floats in the air. Though this is NOT true gravity control, it offers a unique means of 'steering' such a device when we get to that inevitable stage. Additionally, the idea of creating such an intense monopolar repulsion that a device could actually work against the earth's natural magnetic field is amazing in itself. The effects of such high density magnetic fields on living organisms might not make this a 'desired' means of flight, though it does not rule out use of it for payload delivery systems for space, upper atmosphere beacons or transmitters, eye-in-the-sky surveillance systems, etc...........>>> Jerry ------------------------------------------------------------------------------