(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2) Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501 Sponsored by Vangard Sciences PO BOX 1031 Mesquite, TX 75150 There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS on duplicating, publishing or distributing the files on KeelyNet! August 25, 1991 CFG1.ASC -------------------------------------------------------------------- This file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Woody Moffitt. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Charge Fluctuations as a Possible Origin of Biefeld-Brown Effects by Darrell Moffitt The Biefeld-Brown effect, if it is not ionic, presents the phenomenon of a highly charged electrical condenser moving in the direction of its positive pole when suspended in a gravitational field. A possible explanation for this behavior might be found by invoking statistical mechanics. A fundamental theorem of this discipline states that the maximum fluctuations of a given system are directly proportional to the square root of the particle number. Given this result, it is illuminating to consider the role played by charge fluctuations in a Biefeld-Brown device. A simple calculation reveals a curious fact. One gram of matter contains 6.0223*10^23 (Avogadro's number) proton-electron combinations. Thus, a maximum fluctuation in this system corresponds to a particle number of approximately 7.7604*10^11 "neutral" charge pairs. (The pairing is not completely neutral, as virtual fluctuations and polarization effects are always present.) If one takes a value of 2.3071*10^-19 (gm*cm^3/t^2) for the proton-electron interaction, and multiplies it by the fluctuation particle number, the resulting quantity, 1.7037*10^-7(gm*cm^3/t^2), represents the (maximal) fluctuation charge product in a gram of matter. (All units are in the cgs system.) Page 1 Recent measurements of Newton's constant yield a figure of roughly 6.6732*10^-8(cm^3/gm*t^2). Therefore, the magnitude of gravitational interaction between two grams of matter is just slightly less than that produced by charge fluctuations within the sample. Let's look at this more closely. Statistical systems are usually described in terms of distribution functions. One of these, the Gaussian distribution, (exp(-x ^2)/2pi)^(1/2), often appears in studies of statistical systems, and is used to generate the first-order wave functions of quantum mechanics. Simple fluctuation waves then, are specified by equations of the form (N*exp(-x^2)/2pi)^(1/2). This function, however, describes a total distribution, not the steady-state, equilibrium behavior of the system. That is better described by limit-point equations, i.e., iterative equations whose output is fed back until it reaches a singular value. Iterative equations possess many remarkable properties, one being that of self-similar (fractal solution) structure. They also demonstrate limit-point, oscillatory, or chaotic behaviors, depending upon the nature of the function and its parameters. The function of interest here is the Gaussian distribution. Its equilibrium value is given by the equation (exp(-x^2)/(2pi))^(1/2))-x=0, where x=.3722. Multiplying "x" by the figure given above for total fluctuations (per gram) yields a value of roughly 6.6639*10^-8(gm*cm^3/t^2)(1/gm)^2 which agrees with Newton's constant to within 99.86%. This coincidence, if that is what it is, suggests a probable relation between Biefeld-Brown effects and gravitation, but fails to relate more than a quantitative agreement of amplitudes. Extending the analysis requires treatment of such topics as charge screening, non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and plasma physics, notably the physics of wave propagation in cold plasmas. Extensive studies by this author and others indicate that true gravitation is an electromagnetic phenomenon described most accurately by equations related to the Casimir potentials of quantum mechanics, and predicated upon the existence of a vacuum ground state (zero point energy). This approach has to date yielded numerous relations whose Page 2 predictions agree with measured gravitation to an accuracy on par with that of quantum electrodynamics, based upon a treatment of scalar mass potentials in the context of stochastic electrodynamics (unpublished). Therefore, it is the author's belief that Biefeld-Brown effects originate in mass-bound charge fluctuations of bulk matter, whereas vacuum, or "true" gravitation must be described theoretically at a single-particle level, a process qualitatively distinct from that suggested by the previous study. If this is true,it should be possible to derive a theory based on interactions of mass-bound charge fluctuations with virtual states of the quantum vacuum. A useful starting point for such studies is Fradkin and Shabad's 1974 paper "Spontaneous Breaking of Translational Invariance in Quantum Electrodynamics". There, Fradkin and Shabad propose a theory of vacuum structure which is noteworthy for its description of "spontaneous" charged particle currents propagating at lightspeed, i.e., in massless form. Fradkin and Shabad also derive spacelike (superluminal, longitudinal) wave vectors which couple to produce the tranverse, luminal photons normally observed. In conclusion, the physics of mass-bound charge fluctuations is (to this author's knowledge) an unexplored but highly useful field of inquiry. In time it may yield a deeper comprehension of both Biefeld-Brown effects and the virtual phenomenon of quantum vacuum physics. -------------------------------------------------------------------- Author's Note: Some preceeding statements were made on the basis of unpublished proprietary work, without elaboration, in the hope of encouraging new lines of inquiry and discourse related to alternative research. Competent readers will at once recognize its unfinished nature. Note 2 : The paper referred to above, "Spontaneous Breaking of Translational Invariance in Quantum Electrodynamics", may be found in "Proceedings of P.N. Lebedev Institute of Physics, Vol.57", p.223- 243, published by Consultants Bureau in conjunction with Plenum Publishing. A good introduction to Casimir potentials will be found in the Nov 1986 edition of "Physics Today",p.37-45, titled "Retarded, or Casimir, long- range potentials", by Larry Spruch. This includes a brief description of the "Casimir force", (pi*hc/480), and a calculation of Van de Waals forces in polarizable systems. Page 3 Readers may also wish to consult bibliographies contained in the KeelyNet files "ZPE1" and "ZPE2", specifically the papers by H.E. Puthoff and A.E.Sakharov. -------------------------------------------------------------------- If you have comments or other information relating to such topics as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page. Thank you for your consideration, interest and support. Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet -------------------------------------------------------------------- If we can be of service, you may contact Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 4