(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2) Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501 Sponsored by Vangard Sciences PO BOX 1031 Mesquite, TX 75150 There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS on duplicating, publishing or distributing the files on KeelyNet except where noted! March 1, 1992 SWEET4A.ASC -------------------------------------------------------------------- This file shared with KeelyNet courtesy of Guy Resh. -------------------------------------------------------------------- BACKGROUND FOR PURSUING SCALAR ELECTROMAGNETICS T. E. Bearden February 1992 Note This informal paper is augmented and adapted from a letter to a young senior in EE, who was planning to pursue his doctorate, and asked for advice in understanding the scalar electromagnetics area and choosing either physics or EE as a major. The reply back to the student enclosed several formal background papers. [1][2] This paper is a sort of "executive summary" of scalar EM. To Correspondent Delighted to see you are interested in the material and the approach; I will try to give you some quick answers to your main questions. Best is to simply start with my latest book, Gravitobiology, from the Tesla Book Co., POB 12183, Chula Vista, CA 91912, phone (619) 426-8213. Two Kinds of Electromagnetics Specifically, you must understand that there are two kinds of EM. One is flawed and in the normal textbooks, and you will study it in your education process. The other kind is not in your textbooks at all, but it is in some good technical papers, if you know what they are, what to read, and how to put them together. By the time you get your doctorate, hopefully scalar electromagnetics will be in fashion at most of the leading universities. For the second, unknown kind of EM, you should read the two Whittaker papers bound in as Annexes to the Gravitobiology book. [3][4] They give you the basic theory you need, for the internal EM and for scalar EM potential interferometry. Study them until the material is coming out of your ears in your sleep. Page 1 Internal EM Structure of the Scalar Potential Briefly, Whittaker shows you that a scalar EM potential is comprised of bidirectional EM wave pairs, where the pairs are harmonics and phase-locked together. In each coupled wave/antiwave pair, a true forward-time EM wave is coupled to a time-reversal of itself __ its phase conjugate replica antiwave. The two waves are spatially in phase, but temporally they are 180 degrees out of phase. That combined energy thus stresses the "time dimension', and in fact alters the local rate of flow of time itself. Please note how fundamental that statement is. Everything may be said to exist in time, or "move along in time," or to "be in linear motion along the time axis." When you stress and alter the rate of flow of time, you also affect all those time-present things such as inertia of an object, mass of the object, its angular momentum, clock rates, etc. You directly engineer local general relativity, and you electromagnetically curve local spacetime. Time Reversal and the Time-Reversed EM Wave You must understand time-reversal and the time-reversed EM wave [5] itself, including the theory of the phase conjugate mirror and of the pumped phase conjugate mirror (from nonlinear optics.) Yariv [6] Chapter 16 and Pepper [7][8] are key to that understanding. Study these references also until the material is coming out of your ears in your sleep. Also study Sachs' overview of time reversal in physics. [9] Here you will find that time-reversal still isn't well understood at all, but Sachs does a marvelous job in presenting what is known and used. You should also realize that a time-reversed (TR) wave is seen by the observer in his own "forward time." Hence he sees the wave spatially reversed. In short, he sees the same thing as he would see if a movie __ of the wave expressed as a forward time wave __ were simply reversed. So the TR wave ever-converges on its course, rather than diverges. Convergence is the time- reversal of divergence. Apply similar TR processes to other characteristics of a normal wave, by letting the movie film run backward in your mind. Notice particularly what happens to the forward-time entropy of scattered waves __ it becomes negentropy when you time-reverse the scattered waves. You can recover "order" or "energy" even after it's been scattered in performing work, by phase conjugate reflection. And then you can use it again. Remember, every system is driven, with continual input and output of energy. We are not violating the conservation of energy of a closed system, because we are not talking about a closed system. Destroy the Mystique of Entropy Remove in your mind the neo-religious mystique built up around the entropy concept. The two serious postulations (assumptions) of entropy are (1) every component is a forward-time critter, with no time-reversed critters allowed, and (2) random variable statistics is assumed a priori. With the Whittaker decomposition of the scalar potential into a surprising and perfectly ordered set of harmonic biwave pairs, you have blown away the random variable statistics assumption. By phase conjugate mirror Page 2 production of time-reversed EM waves, you have blown away the forward-time assumption. So entropy isn't what it used to be, and the second law of thermodynamics is not a mystical, irrevocable law of nature at all. To believe that it is, is dogma, not science. Entropy can be transformed directly into negentropy, and negentropy can even be amplified. Specifically, the pumped phase conjugate mirror does exactly that. Statistical Gravitons and Coupled Photons Then consider the Whittaker EM biwave structure of the potential again, from the particle viewpoint. The wave is made of photons, and the antiwave is made of antiphotons. Since the wave and antiwave in each set are perfectly correlated, so must be the photons/antiphotons. The waves are passing through each other, so to speak, in the time dimension only. They are perfectly coordinated spatially. Thus so are the photon/antiphoton pairs. That is, the photons and antiphotons are continually coupling and decoupling, in each wave/antiwave pair. Since all the wave/antiwave sets are phase-locked, then one has the unusual feature that this potential in the local spacetime has formed a spacetime lattice, perfectly organized both spatially and temporally. Further, when a photon and antiphoton are coupled, the resulting system has helicity-2. This spin-2 entity is a graviton. However, it is not a hard particle, because it is continually forming and unforming. Hence it is a statistical graviton. Occasionally, more than two photons couple; occasionally the coupling opportunity is missed. We are interested in the average coupling's spin value; that may be either integral or fractional. What is happening in the Whittaker spacetime lattice __ with respect to the photon coupling and decoupling __ is that energy is oscillating back and forth between expression as EM energy/order (photons decoupled) and expression as gravitational energy/order (photons coupled). The statistical graviton process is not confined to helicity-2 gravitons, since the spin-2 value just represents the average coupling. Spin-2 statistical gravitons represent or produce a flat local spacetime, since the lattice has no surplus or shortage of either photons or antiphotons. Indeed, we may regard the coupled photons and antiphotons as a special sort of "Dirac sea," similar to the Dirac sea of negative energy electrons. Depending upon the helicity, the spacetime may have an excess of deficiency of photons, in which case it is said to be curved. Also, it can thus serve as a source or a sink, depending upon whether the hidden photon sea has a surplus or a deficiency. Graviton Helicity and Spacetime Curvature Note that we are often using the term "photons" to mean either photons or antiphotons. If in the statistical graviton we increase the photon coupling to __ say __ 2.1 photons average, then this provides gravitons of spin 2.1. In this case the local spacetime is curved, since it has an excess EM energy density, as compared to normal ambient vacuum. It has an excess of photons, so to speak, and can thus serve as a photon source (an EM energy source). If the averaged coupling is 1.9, say, then the local spacetime is curved in the Page 3 opposite direction. In that case, the vacuum is deficient in photons, and can act as a sink for EM energy. An Asymmetrical Vacuum Violates Local Conservation In a locally curved spacetime, then, one may have either an energy source or an energy sink, depending upon how one makes or engineers this local vacuum/spacetime. In a curved local spacetime, the local vacuum/spacetime interacts directly with a system placed there, and it can be designed to produce either extra energy in the system or absorb energy from the system. A curved local spacetime is a locally asymmetrical spacetime. With this violation of symmetry, most of the conservation laws can be broken locally. One can readily have magnetic monopoles also, in such a locally curved system. [10] These violated laws include conservation of energy, electrical charge, magnetic charge, momentum, etc. The vacuum itself becomes an engine, to perform work upon the system. Using the Inner Hidden EM Order of Entropy With the pumped phase conjugate mirror concept, you can decompose negentropic EM scattering stress energy (even heat) into ordered bidirectional sets of Whittaker waves, use these Whittaker waves as pump waves inputting to a phase conjugate mirror(PCM), "tickle" the PCM with a very small "signal" wave input, and get out all of the entropic pump energy back in perfect order, as a powerfully amplified time-reversed phase conjugate replica (PCR) of the little signal wave. If you look in that fashion at Tesla's magnifying transmitter that he built on Long Island, you will see that he really is treating the earth itself as a pumped phase conjugate mirror, and he is using his transmitter to provide a stimulus wave into the earth. When things are done right (there's also one or two more requirements), when so stimulated the scalar EM potential represented by the heat and pressure energy of the earth's interior will partially organize itself internally as sets of Whittaker pump waves. The combination of these Whittaker bidirectional EM waves and the highly nonlinear material of the earth then become a pumped phase conjugate mirror (PPCM). Tesla's transmitter is furnishing the "stimulus" wave to cause internal Whittaker bidirectional self-ordering to occur (actually through nonlinear harmonic and subharmonic resonance). Now suppose the earth has been "stimulated" in this fashion, and has become a PPCM earth. By standard, orthodox, nonlinear optics theory, proved by thousands of experiments and papers in the literature, you can then input a small "signal wave" from a distant transmitter anywhere on earth, at the distant locality, and there you will receive back from the PPCM earth an amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave, with far more energy in it than you put in, in your signal wave. So you can use Tesla's approach to directly organize the enormous heat and pressure energy of the earth, forming them (considered as a scalar potential) into a giant "standing Whittaker pump wave" in the earth, and tap that Whittaker wave anywhere else in the world that you transmit in another little signal wave. In late April to early May of 1985, Frank Golden detected and measured the Page 4 Soviets doing precisely that, on 27 pairs of EM pump wave frequencies, 12 kilohertz apart. [11] Almost incredible electrical power was being extracted from the earth, to power enormous Soviet directed energy weapons as part of the May Day celebrations for the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II against the Nazis. Pumped Phase Conjugation as a Negentropic Process In other words, you can defeat entropy disordering by this pumped PCM means. You do it by turning positive (scattering) (entropic) energy of the pump waves into negative (gathering) (negentropic) energy of the amplified PCR wave. Note that almost all of what you were taught about entropy assumes that all components of the entropic system are time-forward components, and that none of them are time-reversed components. It would be nice if the leading thermodynamics experts would do some real hard work with Whittaker potentials, internal EM biwave structures of scalar potentials, PCMs, pumped PCMs, and time-reversed waves in general, not just at optical frequencies, and not just with obscure electro-optical devices. Time Reversal and Correction of Disorder Be sure you understand Yariv's statement of the distortion correction theorem. [12] The principle is awkwardly named, but it contains the gist of engineerable negentropy. Read it and say it over and over, until your mind grasps its fantastic implications. You can easily make a wave that will restore former order after the scattering of that order. Realize also that the time-reversed wave is a general solution to the wave equation. Any kind of wave __ EM, sound, mechanical, whatever __ can be phase-conjugated/time-reversed in this manner. In his New York lab, Tesla apparently did it first, with mechanical vibration waves, before the turn of the century. [13] His later telegeodynamics [14] actually envisioned the use of time- reversed, laser-like mechanical waves that traveled through the earth's crust to a distant point. He also understood the use of two such beams from separated separate transmitters, so that the beams met and crossed at that distant point, to reproduce __ by scalar interferometry __ the mechanical effects desired at that point. Whittaker's 1904 paper will show you that interference of two such scalar potentials will indeed produce ordinary force fields in the interference zone. You can fairly readily produce force fields at a distance. By calculation of the form of potential needed, you can even produce them in the geometric patterns and directions you wish. Ball lightning, e.g., is one of nature's ways of using distance-independent scalar interferometry to produce such stabilized geometrical forms of EM energy. Try finding any other laboratory-testable explanation of ball lightning in the physics and electrical engineering curricula! Whittaker and the Aharonov-Bohm Effect You must also understand what the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is. Read carefully the cited AB 1959 paper. [15] You must also comprehend the fact that Whittaker's work in 1903 and 1904 had already anticipated the AB effect, and drastically extended it Page 5 engineerably and in a distance-independent manner, into the macroscopic world, far beyond the several thousand angstroms to which it has now been laboriously proven by modern physicists. A Basic Knowledge of Atomic Nuclei You need to know a little something about atomic nuclei, isotopes, isomers, etc. A variety of introductory nuclear physics or nuclear engineering books have the necessary material in a few chapters. Vacuum Is a Plenum, Not an Emptiness You need to also understand what the vacuum is. My own later work will give you an overall grasp of that, and for deeper understanding you can check cited references that appeal to you. [16][17][18][19][20] I warn you that we've all been so conditioned to think of the vacuum as "nothing" and an "emptiness," that it takes some doing to overcome that deep-set, unconscious bias in one's own thinking. The Major Physics Disciplines Are Inconsistent You need to be aware that there are serious conflicts and inconsistences existing between general relativity, electromagnetics, and quantum mechanics. [21] Physics is not unified, and it is not even consistent. No one, for example, even knows what a photon really is. [22] It is not just a localized particle, that much is sure; it's more like a delta appearing in the calculated constant of each frequency term in an infinite Fourier expansion series. In fact we've got four major photon models, all different, and we just plug in whichever model has been found to give the right answers for a particular application. [23] As another example, the field concept is known to be fundamentally in error, but it is so useful that it continues to be widely utilized. [24] Force Fields Versus Potentials The conflict between QM and EM is particularly poignant in regards to what causes electromagnetic phenomena in the first place. [25] In classical EM theory the forcefields are considered the primary causes, and the potentials are just sort of mathematical conveniences. In quantum mechanics, however, you have exactly the contrary view. There, the potentials are the primary causes, and the force fields are secondary effects, created in the charged particle system itself by the interference there of the potentials. Vacuum is pure potential, nothing else. [26] The forcefields do not even exist in the vacuum, but only in the charged particle system itself, with which the potentialized vacuum interacts. You cannot have the classic EM force field in the vacuum, a priori. You can't and don't have a force field except when you introduce a charge into a potential gradient. There's never been an E-field or a B-field in the vacuum as such; never has been, and never will be. The classical EM model is flat wrong on that. Page 6 Even Feynman pointed out in his three volumes of physics that only the potential for the forcefield exists in the vacuum, not the forcefield itself. [27] You've got to understand this point. The inclusion of vacuum forcefields is a major screw-up in classical EM that prevents real understanding of the vacuum's potentialization and local interaction with physical systems. Take the definition of an E-field: E = F/q, where q is charged mass. If you don't have any charged mass, you can't possibly have any force per unit charged mass, from the definition a priori. Try an analogy where E is the number of fish per bucket of water, F is the number of fish in all the buckets of water, and q is the number of buckets of water. If you have no buckets of water at all, for example, you cannot possibly have any fish per bucket of water, a priori. If you have a lot of fish around, but no buckets of water, however, you have the potential for fish per bucket of water, should you bring in some buckets of water and couple the fish to them (put them in the buckets of water). The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum To understand what is in the vacuum, you need to appreciate the quantum mechanical view of the vacuum. In that view, spontaneous creation and annihilation of particles occur at an incredible rate. Each particle is formed, then disappears, so quickly that it cannot be individually observed. But it is real while it is existing, because in quantum field theory the exchange of virtual particles generates all the forces of nature. We call such a fleeting or ghostly particle a virtual particle. Of particular interest is that enormous numbers of virtual photons continually appear and disappear in the vacuum. The vacuum is thus a fiery, seething cauldron of incredible EM energy, but the EM energy is essentially disintegrated. At any rate, electromagnetically the quantum mechanical vacuum to first order consists of an incredible flux of virtual photons. [28] So to be more precise, in the quantum mechanical vacuum you do not have observable charged mass, but you do have virtual charged mass. So you can have a virtual E-field in the vacuum, which is just a potential gradient without the presence of observable charged mass particles. [29] Let's look a bit deeper: Detected EM Waves Are Electron Precession Waves Because of the spin of the electron/particle, that potential gradient in the vacuum __ that interacts, e.g., with an electron in a detector probe wire __ is actually oriented longitudinally, at right angles to the present notion of a transverse wave. Let's see why: The conduction electron in the wire is relatively constrained [30] by all the other conduction electrons ahead of it pushing back when it tries to accelerate. Being constrained longitudinally but spinning, it acts then as a gyro, and precesses laterally (from the direction of the disturbing "force". If a vacuum potential gradient "virtual force" pushes on that spinning electron gyro in a wire probe, the spinning electron must move at right angles to the direction of the virtual force, because its movement is mostly precession. Page 7 Conduction electrons thus don't move down the wire at the "disturbing force's" signal velocity; instead, they precess sideways, and occasionally "slip" forward down the wire a bit during their precession. They thus "drift" along down the wire at centimeters per second or so __ not even approaching the signal velocity (i.e., the velocity of the change in potential as the change moves down the wire). The signal velocity down the wire is only slightly less than the speed of light in vacuum, which is about 300,000,000 meters per second. [31][32] The lateral or transverse EM forcefield waves we measure in our probes and instruments __ and erroneously model in our theory as existing in the vacuum __ are actually electron translation waves in the charged particle system (the detector). Since that translation is precession, the measured EM transverse waves are actually electron precession waves. They are not at all what is in the vacuum. Instead, they are what is in the electron gas in the wires and circuits of our detectors and instruments. EM Waves in the Vacuum Are Longitudinal Since the interacting/disturbing virtual E-field (the massless potential gradient) "force" in the vacuum must be oriented at right angles to the detected precession movement of the electrons, then the EM waves in vacuum are actually "waves of potential gradients" and are longitudinal. It appears that Nikola Tesla was quite correct on this, you see, and all the modern textbooks are quite wrong. [33] So you cannot have an observable E-field in the vacuum, contrary to what classical EM theory and your physics text prescribe, because it would require the presence of observable charged particles, none of which are there. It would in fact require the presence of the mechanical ether, a notion that was destroyed before the turn of the last century. You do have virtual charged particles present in the vacuum, and the gradients in the vacuum/virtual domain are longitudinal, not transverse. Why Maxwell Assumed Transverse EM Waves When Maxwell wrote his theory, he used a mechanical model of the ether. [34] In that model, thin but observable mass "fluid" is assumed to comprise and fill the vacuum. Accordingly, Maxwell assumed observable forcefields and transverse EM waves to exist also, since that is what is measured in the electron gas in our probes and detectors. The electron had not been predicted yet, and electricity was considered to be a thin material fluid, as was the "luminiferous ether." Decades later, the notion of a mechanical ether was destroyed experimentally, [35] but Maxwell's mechanical-ether-based EM model __ as by then long-since "interpreted" from quaternions into vectors, by Heaviside and Gibbs __ was not changed accordingly. With respect to the form of EM waves in vacuum, the Heaviside/Gibbs vector interpretation model has been in error a long time __ just as was its Maxwellian quaternionic predecessor __ and it's still in error, contrary to what they taught you in your textbooks and classes. There Is a Mechanism for the Flow of Time Note in passing that the scattering interaction of the external Page 8 EM with the electron shells of atoms primarily creates the basic quantum changes that in turn create and control the nature of the macroscopic flow of time. In other words, a quantum consists of action, or "energy times time." It carries not only a piece of energy, but also a piece of time. [36][37][38] Keep that firmly in mind for the following: A photon is freed EM energy. Its thing is to travel at the speed of light. Mass is trapped EM energy. Its thing is to trap photons and sit there and hold them as a densely packed mass potential. (more on that later). In the ubiquitous photon interaction with mass __ continual photon absorption by matter and photon emission from it __ the energy portion in the absorbed quantum (photon; free EM energy) turns into mass (trapped EM energy). Simply divide the photon's energy by c-squared to get the amount of extra resulting mass. However, absorption of the energy portion of the photon leaves its "time portion" or "time tail" attached to the "excited" mass that absorbed the photon. Thus that (formerly) mass __ that absorbed the energy portion of the photon __ is now "masstime" and not mass. Note that mass does not exist in time. Masstime does. Each constituent particle of the atom thus is alternately existing as mass, masstime, mass, masstime, etc. Or in other words, it's flipping between atom, atom-time, atom, atom-time, etc. states. Think deeply about that. Things don't "flow through time" continuously in the manner universally assumed. To the macro observer, of course, the flipping is so rapid that he cannot see it. So he sees the macro world as solid and continuous. At the micro level, physical reality is being created and annihilated, quantum by quantum but at an incredible rate. Shortly after absorbing the photon, photon emission from that excited atom-time occurs, and a bit of the atom-time's mass (the trapped EM energy) is reconverted back to a new energy part of a photon (freed EM energy). In the photon freeing/formation process, this freed "photon energy part" absorbs/joins the time tail of the atom-time as part of itself. The emission of this photon "tears off and carries away the time tail" from the mass/atom-time, leaving behind mass/atom again, and not (mass/atom)-time. So a mass is continually changing into masstime, then mass, then masstime, then mass, etc. The mass "moves through time" in little jumps, so to speak, at a very high "jumping rate." The result is that the "time dimension" connected to the mass of the observer or instrument is not continuous, but discontinuous. It's rather like a switch being repeatedly thrown back and forth, between off and on states. A mass's "passage through time" is in that vein. The "time dimension" is continually being created and destroyed, for each particle of mass in the observer/instrument, by photon interaction. By the creation portion, things exist in time, producing causality and a future and a past. By the destruction portion, the future and the past are disconnected and "lost." That's why you can look in a corner, and see the three length (spatial) dimensions, but try as you will, you cannot see the time dimension at right angles to them. It doesn't exist as Page 9 a continuous dimension; otherwise, you could see into the past and into the future. Play around with multiple masses and multiple time flows a bit, and you'll discover that there are ways to "see into the future and the past," but's that's way beyond the scope of this present discussion! [Suffice it to say that I know one physicist (PhD) who has extensively experimented with that, and another scientist who has also experimented with it, but I am not at liberty to discuss the results.]. External and Internal Electromagnetics But to return. To understand scalar EM, as we said, you must understand that there are actually two kinds of electromagnetics. One is __ so to speak __ only on the external "surface magnitude' of the vacuum potential, and the other is in the interior of the vacuum potential. The exterior kind is spatial in nature; the interior kind is hyperspatial in nature. (1) The exterior kind of EM is caused or due to the potential magnitudes and their gradients, interacting with charged particles (forcefields); that's the "normal" kind. In that kind the theoretical EM model's focus is on the forcefields as causes, with the potentials themselves just regarded as mathematical conveniences. Certainly that "normal" EM does not contain any sort of organized EM structure inside, and composing, the scalar EM potential. It just models the scalar potential at a point as a magnitude, and the vector potential at a point as a magnitude and direction. Notice it thus models only local action; it does not model any sort of action at a distance. The EM action is considered __ and described in the classical EM model __ as existing at a point in space and time. Further, the local spacetime itself is considered not to have any direct causative EM interaction there. In other words, there are assumed to be no local vacuum engines __ no Whittaker activation of mass or the local vacuum. (2) There's also an internal EM, normally completely inside the scalar potential, which exists as "infolded" harmonic sets of EM antiparallel wave/antiwave pairs. Whittaker 1903 describes that kind of EM. This internal EM was in Maxwell's original quaternion equations, hidden in the scalar component resultant that remained when the directional components of quaternions interacted to form directional zero resultants. The scalar component resultant of the interaction often still remained, and infolded inside itself (i.e., it then consisted of) scalar and vector functions of the yet-present-and-interacting component vectors. [39] Today that part of Maxwell's original theory just appears in classical EM Heaviside/Gibbs theory as a vector zero resultant, which is erroneously discarded as if it were a complete absence of EM. It is no such thing; it is merely the absence of EM translation of charged particles. It indeed is a patterned EM-induced gravitational stress in local spacetime, and it is a little "vacuum engine" capable Page 10 of working directly on the atomic nucleus. If you want to know what all the fuss about the difference between Maxwell's 200-odd quaternion equations EM theory [40] and the Heaviside/Gibbs four vector equations curtailment/subset, just look at the difference between a zero vector result and a quaternion resultant, in an interaction where the vector resultant is zero but the scalar component of the quaternion resultant remains. Specifically, look mathematically at the internal functional nature of that remaining scalar resultant __ the part that's thrown away in the present theory. (3) Note that the internal EM is more than just a model of conditions at a point. In addition to that, it prescribes a hyperspatial, bidirectional flow of EM transverse wave energy at the point, into and out of it, into it from afar and away from it back to afar, on an infinite number of phase-locked frequencies. In other words, the internal EM energetically connects conditions at a point with essentially all the other points in the universe. And when we interfere two such scalar potentials, we are actually interfering both of those sets of an infinite number of bidirectional EM waves. (See Whittaker's second paper, 1904). [41] It doesn't matter where the interference zone occurs; it can be a million miles away, or a light-year away. The interference accomplishes "outfolding," and creates "normal" or "exterior" EM effects. Specifically, it creates force fields and patterns of them __ both static and dynamic __ on charged particle systems. The internal EM thus prescribes and models action at a distance, and incorporates the "normal" exterior EM as a special case of local scalar interferometry. Whittaker rigorously proved this mathematically. Zero-Translation-Vector-Resultant Systems You must also do some thinking about the scalar envelope nature of a series of finite, nonzero, interacting translation vectors which result in a zero-vector resultant for translation. They still form an internally active system, and their action cannot be ignored if one is to grasp the total physics of the situation. Not all vector zeroes are equal __ it is a serious fallacy of vector analysis to equate them, and also to equate all of them as "total absences." [42] There's a great deal of difference in two identical tanks, one of which is truly empty, and one which is filled with a gas under enormous pressure. Neither is translating, but which one would you prefer to cut into with a cutting torch? As an example, the resultant system of two equally forceful elephants pushing fiercely against each other may not translate, so they will do no external translation work on an external system. But they do struggle fiercely against each other, and put a lot of stress in there, and each is constantly working furiously. The system isn't doing external translation work, but it's doing a whale of a lot of internal work, of one elephant on the other. [That, after all, is what internal stress is __ it's a condition of internal work being continually performed on the parts of a system, without external translation of the system.] Page 11 Internal EM Energy As Continual Internal Work Now two matched fleas pushing together would be the same sort of "zero vector translation" system as the system of two matched elephants. But if one thinks that all vector zero resultants are really equal, and really are the total absence of work and force, just try standing between the elephants and then between the fleas, and compare your two experiences. I think you can immediately see a great difference in the two systems! I also think you can see that you really shouldn't neglect the internal energy trapped in that zero-translation-vector system. Many learned professors challenged with standing between two straining elephants, to test their notion that the zero vector system is a "total absence of force" type of zero and is to be simply discarded, just don't seem to see the humor in the issue posed. Instead, they are quite apt to become rather furious at the suggestion of putting the issue to such a practical and definitive test. Ah, me! They really will not submit their pronouncements to scientific verification or validation by a simple experiment! [I am particularly fond of challenging the ones who call me all the dirty names, to test it with the two elephants.] But in a physical system, you might ask, how can the system, just sitting there doing nothing externally, be continually performing internal work, which requires continual scattering of energy inside itself? Simple. All systems are open, driven systems __ driven by the VPF of vacuum. Such a system, in equilibrium in its driving flux exchange flows, can easily be constantly performing internal work. Again, it's like sticking a paddlewheel in a river, without connecting any external load to the shaft. The system will just sit there and continually do internal work, but it will not be doing any external translation work. Nontranslating systems are just "idling" systems, so to speak, driven by the VPF exchange with the vacuum. The vacuum is driving everything, everywhere, anyway. What Electrical Charge Really Is Nowhere in classical EM does it tell you what electrical charge is or what causes it. For that question, you will have to dig the answer out of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. Briefly, the electrical charge of a mass is really its violent exchange of virtual photons with the vacuum. The charged mass of the particle is continually absorbing virtual photons from the surrounding vacuum, and re-emitting them back to the vacuum. Actually, the magnitude of the electrical charge is simply a measure of the volumetric intensity of this virtual photon flux (VPF) exchange. Also, it is fixed only for a fixed vacuum VPF intensity, in which it is embedded. It's really discrete, not quantized. If you change the local vacuum VPF flux intensity (by simply adding, e.g., a positive or negative electrostatic scalar potential), you create a "locally excited vacuum," a "locally curved spacetime," and an altered magnitude of the charge on a fundamental charged particle located in that excited (potentialized) vacuum. If you want to get a Nobel prize, then perform some experiments along this line, to demonstrate that the electrical charge of a particle is discretized as a function of local vacuum VPF intensity, but it is not quantized, and write it Page 12 up and publish it in a leading journal. Of course if you do your experiments in an unexcited (i.e., normal ambient) vacuum, you'll get the same answer everyone else has before you. Tesla, however, certainly held a very different view, and considered the electron as having a variable charge. [43] A lot of things in your EE book were simply assumed, back there at the beginning. What Unorthodox Researchers Mean By "Free Energy" Regarding your present "free energy is impossible" education, don't believe a lot of what you were told. If they didn't even get the definition of energy correct __ and they didn't __ then you might suspect they really are not too sure just what kind of energy is free for the taking and what kind is not. Many of them certainly don't seem to recognize that there's absolutely no such thing as a closed system, anywhere in the universe. Everything is open to a virtual particle flux exchange with the vacuum, and every system is driven by that flux and its energy. Indeed, every system is just a complex order in equilibrium in that VPF of vacuum, with violent input and output continually. All we mean by "free energy device" is a device that incorporates some sort of "gating mechanism" to gate out a bit of that violent VPF energy circulation in and out of the system. We just wish to gate some of the vacuum energy that runs in to the nucleus __ catch it there before it runs back out to the vacuum, and "gate" it out to the external circuit and the load before it is allowed to scatter and run back permanently to the vacuum. It's no different than wishing to put a paddlewheel in a river, with a sluice-box arrangement to divert some of the river's water to the load (the paddles) and get shaft power from the rushing water, before the water is allowed to spill off the paddles and return permanently back to the river. Local Energy Conservation Can Be Legitimately Violated "Conservation of energy" ruthlessly depends upon time symmetry; if time stress is made asymmetrical (as in potentialization/curvature of the local vacuum/spacetime and deliberately altering its Whittaker structure), then local conservation of energy is violated, and the local vacuum will serve as a sink or a source, depending upon which way it's potentialized. You can easily violate local conservation of energy by curving local spacetime, if you understand Whittaker's two papers. [44] He already shows you that, in the potential at a point, you've got bidirectional EM wave flows of energy, in and out, from all the rest of the vacuum in the universe. That exchange of the vacuum is mostly with the nucleus of the atom, for that's where most of the mass potential is. If you "gate" a little bit of the inflowing EM Whittaker wave energy out to the external circuits of a device, you will extract and use EM energy directly from the vacuum source. As I showed in the Sweet vacuum triode write-up, there's at least one major way of doing just that sort of gating __ and the device proves it. On Self-Powered Permanent Magnet Devices And they told you a magnet won't turn itself, didn't they? Well, that's not always true. They never heard of a kinetic (activated) magnet, which by definition traps-in a special vacuum Page 13 engine function to drive it. Floyd Sweet activates the magnets in his vacuum triode by a special proprietary process, after which it can gate energy out of the vacuum into the external load circuit. Until the nuclei are activated to function as controlled vacuum engines, the device is just an inert, solid state pattern of materials, and quite useless as a generator. Also, check the Einstein-de Haas effect for rigorous proof of additional considerations in a magnet other than magnetic forces. [45] In the standard Einstein-de Haas experiment using a coil, substitute the linear field region between two permanent magnets for the coil's field region, and you will see what I mean. The Einstein-de Haas effect is only a little bitty white crow, but it's quite sufficient to prove that not all crows are black. But what if you could make the crow grow? Further, Howard Johnson goes after a self-powered permanent motor in a slightly different fashion. Imagine a "rotary wheel" motor, where one permanent bar magnet is used on the rotor and one on the stator. Suppose the stator magnet has its north pole facing the rotor, and the rotor magnet has its south pole facing outward. As the rotor magnet's south pole approaches the stator magnet's north pole, it is magnetically attracted and accelerates toward it, producing forceful torque and shaft horsepower. During the approach phase, energy is stored in the flywheel as mechanical energy. Now just as the magnetic south pole on the rotor is passing the stator's north pole, suppose you have cleverly produced or "activated" a little region of time-reversal on the back side of the stator's "north" pole. In the time- reversed region, the north pole of the stator functions precisely as if it were a south pole, to an external observer (to the just- departing rotor south pole, for example.). Consequently, the rotor finds itself repelled on away from the stator, accelerating yet again in the same rotational direction as before. This stores additional energy in the flywheel. As can be seen, you are now in an "over-unity" condition, and you can power an external load continually. In a real-world device, you may not get total time-reversal at the backside of the stator magnet's north pole, but only partial time reversal. So to the departing south pole of the rotor magnet, the north pole backside of the stator magnet will appear to be a much-weakened north pole. It will still extract back some of the shaft energy previously stored in the flywheel during the approach phase, but not all of it. Hence the device is still in an "over-unity" condition, and energy __ though not as much as before __ can be continually extracted from it to power an external load. In both cases, using time-reversal we have created a region of local time asymmetry, so we can locally violate conservation of energy. In this fashion, you can legitimately build a permanent magnet motor that appears to be "self-powered." The entire secret is how you achieve the time asymmetry in the exactly needed place. But even with this over-unity condition, you are not violating overall conservation of the universe as a whole. Remember, all systems are driven. This self-powered permanent magnet motor is actually extracting and gating energy from the local now-asymmetrical flux exchange of the atoms/nuclei of the magnet material with the vacuum. It's still a special sort of Page 14 paddlewheel in a special sort of river. Time asymmetry, achieved by using a time-reversing material and process, furnishes the stream __ and standard techniques will furnish the "paddlewheel." Remember the principle: Conservation of energy ruthlessly depends upon time symmetry. If you're going to locally violate conservation of energy, you must establish and utilize a local time asymmetry. And that can be done; at our present elemental level of knowledge of vacuum engineering, it's quite tricky, and everything must be precisely so and highly nonlinear __ but it can be done. And it's really no more mystical than putting a sluice-box arrangement in a flowing stream, diverting some of the water to a waterwheel, and extracting shaft horsepower. We emphasize, however, that you cannot, cannot, cannot make a self-powered permanent magnet motor with "ordinary" magnets and an "ordinary" time-symmetrical vacuum, no matter how strong the magnets, or what exotic form you twist them into. You can make one with activated magnets and an extraordinary asymmetrical vacuum, which have locked-in time asymmetry regions. -------------------------------------------------------------------- If you have comments or other information relating to such topics as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page. Thank you for your consideration, interest and support. Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet -------------------------------------------------------------------- If we can be of service, you may contact Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 15