______________________________________________________________________________ | File Name : HAARP1.ASC | Online Date : 12/12/94 | | Contributed by : Chris Terraneau | Dir Category : ECOLOGY | | From : KeelyNet BBS | DataLine : (214) 324-3501 | | KeelyNet * PO BOX 870716 * Mesquite, Texas * USA * 75187 | | A FREE Alternative Sciences BBS sponsored by Vanguard Sciences | |----------------------------------------------------------------------------| The following is one file comprised of 4 smaller files, all relating to government atmospheric experiments in Alaska. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HAARPAIM - what HAARP is intended to do according to the patent. Tue 29 Nov 94 12:27 Rcvd: Sat 3 Dec 5:18 By: whitford@pioneer.uspto.gov To: glenda stocks Re: HAARP and Artificial ionospheric mirror Patent #5,041,834 -------------------------------------------------------------- From: Marc Whitford Glenda, I thought you'd be interested in the patent you mentioned to me, and was listed in one of the posts. I did a search this morning on the US Patent and Trademark Office's Messenger text search system, and found patent 4,686,605 cross-referenced to patent number 5,041,834. The patent number mentioned in the H.A.A.R.P messages does in fact exist..........Marc Here is the text of the patent 5,041,834 verbatim: 29 NOV 94 10:48:00 U.S. Patent & Trademark Office P0000 5,041,834 [IMAGE AVAILABLE] Aug. 20, 1991 L1: 1 of 1 Artificial ionospheric mirror composed of a plasma layer which can be tilted 1. 5,041,834, Aug. 20, 1991, Artificial ionospheric mirror composed of a plasma layer which can be tilted; Peter Koert, 342/367, 372 [IMAGE AVAILABLE] INVENTOR: Peter Koert, Washington, DC ASSIGNEE: APTI, Inc., Washington, DC (U.S. corp.) APPL-NO: 07/524,435 DATE FILED: May 17, 1990 INT-CL: [5] H04B 7/00; H01Q 3/22 US-CL-ISSUED: 342/367, 372 US-CL-CURRENT: 342/367, 372 SEARCH-FLD: 342/367, 353, 371, 372; 455/64 REF-CITED: U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 3,445,844 5/1969 Grossi et al. 342/367 4,253,190 2/1981 Csonka 455/12 4,686,605 8/1987 Eastlund 361/231 4,712,155 12/1987 Eastlund et al. 361/231 4,817,495 4/1989 Drobot 89/1.11 ART-UNIT: 222 PRIM-EXMR: Gregory C. Issing LEGAL-REP: Foley & Lardner ABSTRACT: This invention relates to generation of a Artificial Ionospheric Mirror (AIM), or a plasma layer in the atmosphere. The AIM is used like the ionosphere to reflect RF energy over great distances. A tiltable AIM is created by a heater antenna controlled in phase and frequency. The heater antenna phase shift scans a beam to paint a plasma layer. Frequency is changed to refocus at continually higher altitudes to tilt the plasma layer. 16 Claims, 17 Drawing Figures EXMPL-CLAIM: 1 NO-PP-DRAWING: 15 SUMMARY: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to generation of a Artificial Ionospheric Mirror (AIM), or a plasma layer in the atmosphere. The AIM is used like the ionosphere to reflect RF energy over great distances. 2. Description of the Related Art In the past, the technique of using the ionosphere as a mirror to reflect radio waves, or RF energy, has given Ham Radio operators the ability to send transmissions over long distances. This technique has also provided radar systems the ability to look "over the horizon." Variations and fluctuations in the ionosphere, however, can render the effectiveness of such communications uncertain. Thus, the desirability of creating controllable plasma layers in the atmosphere for communications purposes has been recognized. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. **4,686,605** issued to Eastlund and U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,155 issued to Eastlund et al. Previous experiments directed toward creating plasma layers for communications have suffered from the inability to control the inclination of the plasma layer so that signals could be transmitted and received from various ranges. In other words, while one could create a plasma layer in the atmosphere at a lower altitude than the ionosphere, point to point communications would be limited in range based on the reflection angles of the transmitted and reflected signals. SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION In view of the limitations of the related art it is an object of this invention to generate a plasma layer that could be angled or tilted with respect to the horizon in order to affect signal transmission range. The present invention provides a system and method for generating a plasma layer at controlled altitudes and inclinations that acts as an artificial ionospheric mirror (AIM) to reflect RF signals. The AIM increases the range and predictability with which RF energy may be reflected off the AIM for communications purposes. More specifically, a tiltable AIM is created by a heater antenna controlled in phase and frequency. The heater antenna phase shift scans a beam to paint a plasma layer. The heater antenna continually refocuses at a higher altitudes by frequency shifting to tilt the plasma layer. DRAWING DESC: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Further details of the present invention are explained with the help of the attached drawings in which: FIG. 1 shows creation of an AIM by a heater antenna and use of the AIM for tracking aircraft and reflecting radio waves. FIG. 2 shows a typical heater array. FIG. 3 shows the spacial relationship for a heater array used in defining heater array focusing. FIG. 4 is a graph showing that power is at its upper bound at the antenna focal point. FIG. 5 shows generation of plasma by a heater array. FIG. 6 illustrates generation of a plasma layer by scanning a heater antenna. FIG. 7 illustrates generation of a tilted plasma layer by scanning and refocusing a heater antenna. FIG. 8 shows generation of a plasma layer using a heater antenna to scan with a line rather than a point. FIG. 9 shows the phase corrections to move the antenna focal point from 60 Km to 61 Km. FIG. 10 shows the frequency corrections to move the antenna focal point from 60 Km to 61 Km. FIG. 11 is a plot of altitude v. distance location of plasma without frequency chirping. FIG. 12 is a plot of altitude v. distance location of plasma with frequency chirping. FIG. 13 shows the power density change after refocusing using frequency chirping . FIG. 14 graphs the free electron density v. altitude for an unfocused array. FIG. 15 shows an antenna power pattern without grating lobes. FIG. 16 shows an antenna power pattern with grating lobes. DETDESC: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 illustrates the creation and use of An Artificial Ionospheric Mirror (AIM) for tracking aircraft and reflecting radio waves. A heater antenna 1 radiates power causing avalanche ionization or breakdown releasing free electrons in the atmosphere to generate the AIM 2. The heater antenna 1 is an array which can be used to focus energy at varying altitudes and elevations to tilt the AIM 2 using phase and frequency control. The AIM 2 simulates the ionosphere 3 which is also used to detect "over the horizon targets" 5. In addition, the AIM 2 can reflect radio signals transmitted from a transmitter 6 to a receiver 7 over long distances. A typical heater antenna is shown in FIG. 2. It consists of an array of multiple active radiating elements 10 having their individual phase and frequency controlled from a control module 12. The radiating element 10 is used here to represent all possible antennas, including, but not limited to, dipoles, slots, small or large horns, log-periodic antennas, large parabolic reflectors, etc. FIG. 3 shows the spatial relationship for a focused heater array. To have the electric fields from all of the array elements focus, or arrive in phase at a distance R.sub.o in the near field of the array, it is necessary to correct the phase of each element to compensate for the phase delay difference from the center element due to the additional phase path W.sub.ij. If R.sub.o is much larger than the maximum D.sub.ij in FIG. 3, then the phase delay can be approximated in wavelength to be: W.sub.ij =(D.sub.ij).sup.2 /(4*R*g) (1) where g is the wavelength of the heater frequency. Equation 1 is referred to as the quadratic phase error. If this error is less than g/8 when the element (i,j) is on the outer edge of the array, then the distance R.sub.o is said to be in the far field of the array. In order to focus the array at R.sub.o, it is necessary to have several wavelengths of phase error from the outer elements of the array. That is, the term "focus" is used in this context to mean that the electric field from the array is concentrated in a desired spatial region. FIG. 4 shows the degree of focusing that can be accomplished. This is a vertical pattern of an array whose elements have been phase shifted to focus at 60 Km. The array has 400 elements with a total width and length of 2000 g. The peak of the pattern is determined by the 1/R.sub.o.sup.2 dependence. The AIM ionization layer is created by using this focused power to ionize an area in the atmosphere, as shown in FIG. 5. The microwave breakdown of air occurs where free electrons gain enough energy from an electric field to generate additional free electrons until no more can be generated, thereby resulting in avalanche ionization, or breakdown. This causes the generation of a plasma layer 21. For example, a pulse of power from the heater begins to propagate in the z direction shown in FIG. 5. As the field propagates, more free electrons are generated. A breakdown point descends vertically from the focal point of the propagating field giving thickness to the ionized layer, or plasma layer, until all ionization stabilizes. This "clamping" creates a thin vertical plasma layer. Simulation results show that when an array 20 is focused at a point 22, electric field power peaks at the focal point. Simulation results shows that given a focused microwave source avalanche ionization, or breakdown will occur at a power level 3-10 dB below the focal point power level. To create an AIM, the heater array is focused at a desired altitude to maximize power at a point and thereby generate plasma. The heater antenna then "scans" the phase of each array element to move the focal point. FIG. 6 illustrates creation of a noninclined AIM layer. The heater array 30 is first focused at point 31. The heater array scans horizontally by phase shifting to a point 32 creating an avalanche ionization line 33. Next, the heater array scans from a point 34 to a point 35 creating another avalanche ionization line 36. The heater array continues this process to create an ionization plane or AIM layer. In order to form an inclined AIM cloud, each new ionization line must occur at a slightly higher altitude. By altering the phase or frequency of the array elements, the focal point can be moved up in altitude, as described below. FIG. 7 illustrates creation of an inclined AIM. The heater array 40 is first focused at point 41. The heater array scans along the x direction to point 42 to generate avalanche ionization along line 43. Next, as in creation of a non-inclined AIM, the heater array scans along the x and y directions directly below point 44. The heater array 40 alters either phase or frequency to refocus to a higher altitude in the z direction to the point 44. The heater array then scans along the x axis to point 45 to create the avalanche ionization line 46. The heater array continues this process to create a tilted ionization plane or tilted AIM layer. FIG. 8 shows that the preferred method of generating a plasma layer uses a heater antenna to scan with a line rather than a point. Scanning using a line is preferred since an AIM can be created in the atmosphere in less time. To create lines of ionization rather than points, a rectangular array 50 is used. In the array 50, radiating elements are focused only along the plane of the long dimension of the rectangular array, creating a line of ionization 53. The array is then scanned along the x-y axis and in altitude along the z axis to create another ionization line 55. More ionization lines are similarly generated to form a tilted AIM layer. In order to create a tilted AIM it is necessary to refocus the heater array at successively higher altitudes. Moving the focal point by changing the phase of each element of the heater in a very precise manner is not practical. Moving the focal point away from the initial location requires changing the phase on each element. The phase change required is near the rms tolerance level, typically 1 degree. FIG. 9 shows the required phase corrections to move the focal point from 60 Km to 61 km. Elements 5, 10, 15, and 20 have distances 5d, 10d, 15d, and 20d, respectively from the center of the antenna, where d=25 meters It is clear from FIG. 9 that it is impractical to alter numerous antenna element phases to move the focal point to create tilted patches for AIM applications. 2000 elements may be required here to generate enough power to ionize the atmosphere. The second method of refocusing is accomplished by first setting the phases of all elements for the initial focal point and then moving the focal point by changing the frequency rather than the phase. This frequency chirping method is less precise, but easier for hardware implementation because precise phases for 2000 elements need not be changed. FIG. 9 shows the required phase corrections to move the focal point from 60 Km to 61 Km. FIG. 10 shows that the focal point can be moved 100 meters by increasing the frequency approximately 1 Mhz. The resulting focal point power levels are not completely optimized, but simulation shows that there is less than a 0.1 db difference between the frequency shifted peaks and those obtained by phasing. Tilting the AIM using frequency chirping is practical to achieve in a real system. FIG. 11 shows the plasma layer location with no frequency having 400 elements or more grating lobes can be kept down by 20 db or more from the focal point. The degree of focusing depends on the ratio of focal range to aperture size. The half power width from peak "V" can be approximated as: V=2*g*(R.sub.o /L).sup.2 (2) where L is the length of the array which is assumed square for equation 2. The power gradient at the half power point "grad(P)" can be approximated as: grad(P)=10/V(db/meter) (3) For an AIM it is desirable that the power gradient be high because this directly determines the gradient of the electron density of the generated ionized cloud. The electron density must be high to avoid RF losses caused by absorption. Hence V be small, preferably less than 2 Km. A heater frequency of 300 MHz and a focal distance of 70 Km would project an aperture size greater than 2 Km. Note in equation 2 that array size scales with the square root of frequency. Since a near field antenna is required, the near field of the heater antenna may be required to extend to reach distant points. This is accomplished by increasing the array size. It may not be economically feasible to fill this entire aperture with elements, hence a thinned array is utilized. If a thinned array had its elements uniformly distributed, there would be many grating lobes in the radiation pattern of the array. These grating lobes can be eliminated by randomly spacing elements. However, random spacing puts power from the grating lobes into the average side lobe level. If no new elements are introduced when the aperture is increased, then the peak power of the main lobe remains constant and the main lobe receives less of the total power as its beamwidth decreases. In order to preserve the efficiency of the heater array, grating lobes must be utilized in creating the AIM cloud or the array can not be heavily thinned. FIG. 15 shows an array with uniform spacing having grating lobes. FIG. 16 shows an array with randomized spacing which eliminates the grating lobes. Although the invention has been described above with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood that modifications and variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. CLAIMS: What is claimed is: 1. A method for generating an AIM, comprising the steps of: (a) creating avalanche ionization in the atmosphere using a heater antenna; (b) refocusing said heater antenna to alter the altitude of said avalanche ionization by frequency shifting said heater antenna; and (c) scanning said heater antenna to paint an avalanche ionization layer. 2. A method for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 1 wherein said heater antenna is focused in the near field. 3. An apparatus for generating an AIM comprising: (a) a phased array heater antenna which is focused at an altitude to cause an avalanche ionization area to be created in the atmosphere; (b) means for controlling frequency of individual radiators of said phased array heater antenna to refocus said altitude of said avalanche ionization area; and (c) means for controlling phase of the individual radiators to scan said phased array heater antenna. 4. An apparatus for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 3 wherein said phased array heater antenna is focused to cause said avalanche ionization area to be substantially a line. 5. An apparatus for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 4 wherein said means for controlling phase moves said line substantially at a constant altitude and said means for controlling frequency moves said line to different altitudes. 6. An apparatus for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 4 wherein said phased array heater antenna is a rectangular array and said line is formed parallel to a long dimension of said rectangular array. 7. An apparatus for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 3 wherein said phased array heater antenna is focused to cause said avalanche ionization area to be substantially a point. 8. An apparatus for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 7 wherein said means for controlling the phase moves said point substantially at the same altitude and said means for controlling frequency moves said point to different altitudes. 9. An apparatus for generating an AIM as claimed in claim 3 wherein said phased array heater antenna is focused in the near field. 10. A method of generating an AIM comprising the steps of: (a) focusing a phased array heater antenna at an altitude to cause an avalanche ionization area to be created in the atmosphere; (b) controlling the frequency of individual radiators of said phased array heater antenna to refocus said altitude of said avalanche ionization area; (c) controlling phase of the individual radiators to scan said phased array heater antenna. 11. A method of generating an AIM as claimed in claim 10 wherein said step of focusing causes said avalanche ionization are to be substantially a line. 12. A method of generating an AIM as claimed in claim 11 wherein said step of controlling phase moves said line substantially at a constant altitude and said step of controlling frequency moves said line to different altitudes. 13. A method of generating an AIM as claimed in claim 11 wherein said phased array heater antenna is a rectangular array and said line is formed parallel to a long dimension of said rectangular array. 14. A method of generating an AIM as claimed in claim 10 wherein said step of focusing causes said avalanche ionization area to be substantially a point. 15. A method of generating an AIM as claimed in claim 14 wherein said step of controlling phase moves said point substantially at the same altitude and said step of controlling frequency moves said point to different altitudes. 16. A method of generating an AIM as claimed in claim 10 wherein said step of focusing is performed in the near field. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HAARPNFO - basic explanation of the program and StarWars tie-in Origin: XBN - 0005 - S:SNET-L From: MAILING LIST Public To: ALL Date: 12/04/94 at 16:51 Re: DOD HAARP EXPLANATION, 1/3 ------------------------------------------------------------------- From: ur-valhalla!vms.aurora.alaska.edu!FTMAL Subject: DOD HAARP Explanation, 1/2 Message-ID: Date: Sun, 04 Dec 1994 16:51:22 -0900 HAARP FACT SHEET "HAARP", an acronym for "High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program", is a project having the goal of studying fundamental physical principles which govern the region of the earth's atmosphere known as the ionosphere. It is through this region that earth-based communications and radar transmissions must travel to reach satellites or to probe solar and planetary bodies; and conversely, for radio signals from outside the immediate environment of the earth to reach its surface. It also is from these ionized layers that radio waves reflect to achieve over-the-horizon communication and radar systems. The proposed research will be undertaken using high power radio transmitters to probe the overhead ionosphere, combined with a complement of modern scientific diagnostic instruments to investigate the results of the interactions. HAARP would be constructed at auroral latitudes in Alaska. A unique feature of the research facility would be a high power high- frequency radio transmitter with the capability of rapidly steering a narrow beam of energy toward a designated region of the sky. Similar, though less capable, research facilities exist today at many locations throughout the world and are operated routinely for the purpose of scientific investigation of the ionosphere. In the US such systems are located at Arecibo, Puerto Rico and Fairbanks, Alaska. Other installations are at Tromso, Norway; Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and Apatity, Russia; Kharkov, Ukraine and Dushanbe, Tadzhikistan. None of these existing systems, however, have the combination of frequency capability and beam steering agility required to perform the experiments planned for HAARP. A congressionally initiated effort, HAARP is being managed cooperatively by the Air Force and Navy. The Air Force is responsible for oversight of the environmental process, site acquisition, and implementation of scientific instruments associated with the facility. The Navy is responsible for procurement of the primary contract to design and construct the high power, high-frequency radio transmitter. Users of the HAARP research facility would include civilian entities such as universities and the National Science Foundation (NSF) as well as military agencies such as the Air Force, Navy, and Advanced Research Programs Agency (ARPA). Value of Ionospheric Research The layer of earth's atmosphere called the ionosphere begins approximately 35 miles above the surface and extends out beyond 500 miles. In contrast to the atmosphere close to the earth which is composed of neutral atoms and molecules, the ionosphere contains both positively and negatively charged particles known as ions and electrons. These ions and electrons are created naturally as a result of the action of the sun's radiation. This ionized gas of the ionosphere behaves much differently from the neutral atmosphere closer to the earth. A major difference is that radio signals passing through the ionosphere may be distorted, totally reflected or absorbed. For example, communication links from the ground to earth-orbiting satellites can experience fading due to ionospheric distortion; an AM radio signal sometimes can reflect, or "skip , from the ionosphere and be heard at locations hundreds of miles distant from the broadcasting radio station; the characteristic fading on the high-frequency (HF) or "shortwave" band is due to ionospheric interference. Because of its strong interaction with radiowaves, the ionosphere can interfere with communications and radar surveillance systems, which depend on sending radiowaves from one location to another. Investigations to be conducted at the HAARP facility are expected to provide significant scientific advancements in understanding the ionosphere. The research facility would be used to understand, stimulate and control ionospheric processes that might alter the performance of communication and surveillance systems. This research would enhance present civilian capabilities because it would facilitate the development of techniques to mitigate or control ionospheric processes. Ionospheric disturbances at high latitudes also can act to induce large currents in electric power grids: these are thought to cause power outages. Understanding of these and other phenomena is important to maintain reliable communication and power services. Other civilian applications from the program's research could lead to improved local and world-wide communication such as satellite communication. Furthermore, and possibly more significant, is the potential for new technology that could be developed from a better understanding of ionospheric processes. DoD Involvement Potential applications of the HAARP research include developing DoD technology for detecting cruise missiles and aircraft and for communicating with submarines. Although HAARP is being managed by the Air Force and Navy, it is purely a scientific research facility which represents no threat to potential adversaries and would therefore have no value as a military target. HAARP Transmissions HAARP would transmit HF radiowaves in a narrow beam, pointed upward to interact with the ionosphere. The beam would be several degrees wide, depending on frequency, and thus would influence a region several miles in diameter in the lower ionosphere, expanding to several tens of miles in the upper ionosphere. The transmissions would be accomplished through the design and construction of a world-class ionospheric research instrument (IRI). Ionospheric changes produced experimentally by the IRI would be similar to phenomena which occur under natural conditions. However, nature operates on a much larger scale, and for a much longer duration, than would the IRI. The effect of the IRI would be temporary only; the ionosphere would return to its original state within a matter of seconds and there would be no lasting changes. Because most of the energy of the high power radio beam would be emitted upward rather than toward the horizon, potentially hazardous values of radio field strength would not be present at ground level except possibly very close to the IRI. To prevent human and large mammal exposure to these near-in fields, an exclusion fence would be constructed. The upward-directed IRI main beam could be sufficiently strong potentially to interfere with electronic equipment in aircraft flying nearby. To preclude this possibility, an aircraft detection radar would be interfaced with the operations center of the IRI, to automatically turn-off the high power transmissions should aircraft be detected flying on a route to pass through the radiowave beam. The IRI would be constrained to operate within the 2.8 - 10 megahertz (MHz) band on a clear-channel, non-interference basis. Theoretical calculations indicate that interference with television, AM and FM radio, ham radios, cellular phones and/or satellite dishes possibly may be anticipated, in addition to the possibility of interference with HAARP's own radio equipment. The Air Force and Navy are committed to a mitigation program that includes acquisition of equipment to minimize out-of-band transmissions; properly orienting the IRI array to reduce signals emitted toward local population centers; adoption of operating procedures, including beam steering, to reduce the percentage of time large signal levels would be transmitted toward large cities; employing special techniques such as null placement; and working with complainants to reach a mutually satisfactory solution. A smaller, less powerful, IRI will be constructed as a demonstration prototype to ensure mitigation techniques will alleviate possible interference. HAARP Facilities The major components of the main HAARP research facility would include the IRI, the combined Operations Center & Diesel Power Building, and a number of scientific instruments used for data- gathering, termed "diagnostics", placed at various locations on the HAARP site. The IRI would consist of an antenna array and associated transmitters, operated from a control room within the Operations Center. The diagnostics would be used to observe the natural parameters of the ionosphere as well as the experimental results with the lRI operating. The antenna would occupy a rectangular area roughly 1000 ft x 1200 ft and would consist of a 12 x 15 array of antenna masts, each supporting two horizontal crossed dipole antennas, stacked one above the other. The masts would reach a maximum height of 72 ft and would be constrained by guy wires. It is anticipated that the masts would sit on individual piles; gravel fill between the rows and columns of masts would permit access by maintenance vehicles. While some of the diagnostic instruments would be collocated with the IRI at the research facility, others, due to data collection requirements, must be located off-site at some distance from the IRI. One of the primary on-site diagnostics would be an incoherent scatter radar (ISR) which would transmit radiowave signals in the 430 - 450 MHz band. The ISR would be a 120 ft diameter radar dish supported by a 25 ft diameter pedestal. The combined power demands of the IRI and ISR would be roughly 12 megawatts (MW). The method of power supply has not been finalized; however, the use of diesel generators is under consideration. Design and Construction As the result of a competitive procurement the Air Force and Navy have awarded a contract to ARCO Power Technologies, Inc. (APTI) for the design and construction of the IRI and associated support facilities. The IRI design was selected while considering both cost and environmental impacts. The current schedule anticipates construction at the Gakona site would begin November 1993 and conclude the fall of 1994 with the demonstration prototype. Construction for the full-size IRI is anticipated to begin early 1995 and conclude late 1997. Site Location As part of the environmental decision making process, Gakona and Clear AFS were considered as alternative sites for the HAARP facility. On 18 October 1993, a Record of Decision (ROD) was signed by the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Installations, selecting Gakona, Alaska as the site for the HAARP Ionospheric Research Facility. The ROD signing follows the Air Force preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement evaluating the potential environmental effects of the HAARP facility. Use of Local Resources The prime contractor, APTI, has indicated that they anticipate use of Alaska-based companies in constructing the facility. Green Alaska, ARCO Alaska, Inc. and AHTNA, Inc., are among the companies bang considered. Postconstruction Operations of the HAARP Research Facility Since HAARP is to be devoted to ionospheric research, which typically is conducted during a series of research campaigns, it would be used periodically rather than continuously. Campaigns would be scheduled four or five times a year, and typically would involve 10-15 visiting scientists conducting experiments at the site over a two-week period. During research campaigns the scientists will depend on the local economy for food, lodging and other necessities. Maintenance and security functions would be performed by local personnel, who would reside off-site. The HAARP research site is being planned for a life of approximately 20 years. Environmental Process In accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) the Air Force has prepared an environmental impact statement (EIS), with the Navy as a cooperating agency, to evaluate the consequences of constructing and operating the HAARP research facility in Alaska. State and federal environmental regulatory agencies were consulted to identify issues which are addressed in the EIS. Additional input was solicited from the public during scoping meetings held in Alaska in August 1992. Topics addressed in the EIS include, but are not limited to, electromagnetic and radio frequency interference, vegetation, wetlands, wildlife, air quality, subsistence, cultural resources and the ionosphere. The Air Force prepared and distributed to the public and to specific organizations a draft EIS on 12 March 1993. During the subsequent 45-day public review period the Air Force held public hearings, at both Glennallen and Anderson, Alaska to solicit input on the draft EIS. All reasonable questions and comments received by 25 April 1993, the end of the public review period, were addressed in writing in the final EIS, which was released to the public on 15 July 1993. The Air Force signed a Record of Decision on 18 October 1993 selecting Gakona, Alaska as the site for the HAARP Ionospheric Research Facility. In addition to the NEPA process described above, the Air Force and Navy would comply with all applicable state and federal regulations for construction and operation of the HAARP facility. Additional Information An updated version of this fact sheet will be issued as often as program changes warrant to keep interested parties apprised of significant developments in regard to HAARP. Any individual seeking additional information about HAARP, or wishing to provide comments regarding HAARP, can contact any one of the individuals listed below. Mr. John Heckscher PL/GPIA Phillips Laboratory 29 Randolph Road Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010 Mr. Ralph Scott 3rd Wing Public Affairs Division Elmendorf AFB, AK 99506 Mr. Guy McConnell Alaska District Corps of Engineers, Planning NPAEN-PL-ER Anchorage, Alaska 99506-0898 November 4, 1993 Origin: XBN - 0005 - S:SNET-L From: MAILING LIST Public To: ALL Date: 12/04/94 at 16:02 Re: HAARP (LONG) ------------------------------------------------------------------- From: ur-valhalla!vms.aurora.alaska.edu!FTMAL Subject: HAARP (long) Message-ID: Date: Sun, 04 Dec 1994 16:02:23 -0900 IS HAARP A STARWARS WEAPON? Defending against enemy missile attacks and other imagined threats has generated futuristic and science fiction sounding proposals better known as Starwars. Concepts and ideas circulated wildly throughout government, military and civilian circles. As the former Soviet Union broke up, the backing for U.S. Starwars efforts evaporated and the spending on such projects was dropped. But not soon enough. Many experimental starwars research projects are still funded and being pursued by the military. HAARP (High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program), being constructed for the Air Force and Navy by an ARCO subsidiary, is such a project. Touted as scientific research, HAARP is a thinly disguised project to "perturb" the ionosphere with extremely powerful beams of energy to see what military uses it can serve. According to the HAARP RFP, these energy beams will be used to "control ionospheric processes in such a way as to greatly enhance the performance of C3 systems (or, to deny accessibility to an adversary)." That sounds like a weapon to this writer. Other such projects go by the code names BIME, RED AIR, CRRES, EXCEDE, CHARGE IV, WISP, ACTIVE, HIPAS, RADC, AIM, etc.. Nuclear bombs exploded in high altitude tests in the late fifties and early sixties by both the U.S.S.R. and the U.S. caused weather and jet stream changes that lasted almost 20 years. Do the HAARP heaters offer the same potential as they "perturb" the ionosphere? The ionosphere is home to many beneficial natural phenomena among them filtering the sun's harmful rays and reflecting radio waves used for communications. Although not totally understood, the ionosphere also directly effects the weather systems and the jet streams. HAARP, "the most powerful facility (of its kind) in the world" is currently under construction near Gakona, Alaska. Other smaller ionospheric heaters of this type are already in operation in Norway, Ukraine, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Puerto Rico and Fairbanks (yes, right here in Alaska). Could tests and experiments with these ionospheric heaters already be changing global weather systems? Could they be a contributing cause for the floods in the U.S.? Could this be the kind of secret weapon that Zhirinovsky speaks of? Can these heaters change the earth's magnetic fields as well and cause equal reactions half-way around the globe? Will we need to protect ourselves from the sun's rays due to new holes in the ionosphere? What will happen to the individuals living near HAARP when it operates, will they be exposed to unnecessary risk of electromagnetic radiation? Some of the specific language in the HAARP documents is quoted below and on the next page: "The HAARP is to ultimately have a HF {High Frequency} heater with an ERP {Effective Radiated Power} well above 1 gigawatt {1,000,000,000 watts} (on the order of 95-100 dBW); in short, the most powerful faci!ity in the world for conducting ionospheric modification research." "The Soviets, operating at higher powers than the West, now have claimed significant stimulated ionization by electron-impact ionization. The claim is that HF energy, via wave-particle interaction, accelerates ionospheric electrons to energies well in excess of 20 electron volts (eV) so that they will ionize neutral atmospheric particles with which they collide. Given that the Soviet HF facilities are several times more powerful than the Western facilities at comparable midlatitudes, and given that the latter appear to be on a threshold of a new "waveparticle" regime of phenomena, it is believed that the Soviets have crossed that threshold and are exploring a regime of phenomena still unavailable for study or application in the West." "A key goal of the program {HAARP} is the identification and investigation of those ionospheric processes and phenomena that can be exploited for DoD purposes, such as outlined below. Geophysical probing to identify and characterize natural ionospheric processes ... so that techniques can be developed to mitigate or control them. Generation of ionospheric lenses to focus large amounts of HF energy ... thus providing a means for triggering ionospheric processes that potentially could be exploited for DoD purposes. Electron acceleration for the generation of IR (infrared) and other optical emissions ... that could be used to control radio wave propagation properties. Generation of geomagnetic-field aligned ionization to control the reflection/scattering properties of radio waves. Oblique heating to produce effects on radio wave propagation at great distances from the heater, thus broadening the potential military applications of ionospheric enhancement technology. Generation of ionization layers below 90 km to provide radio wave reflectors ("mirrors") which can be exploited for long range, over-the-horizon, HF/VHF/UHF surveillance purposes .... Why are the citizens of the United States being asked to pay for such a project? Why do those associated closely with the project reference its use as submarine communications and other apparently innocuous purposes? --- NetMgr 0.95á * Origin: snet-L@world.std.com (1:330/201) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HAARPNFO1 - article Origin: CHANNEL1 - 0700 - email From: SEARCHNET ZEC Public To: SNET-L MAILING LIST Date: 12/06/94 at 20:31 Re: c01/03 HAARP important! ------------------------------------------------------------------- To: snet-l@world.std.com From: asljl@orion.alaska.edu (Lady-Rhavyn) Newsgroups: alt.alien.visitors,alt.conspiracy,alt.magick,alt.pagan Subject: Government and Psi Part 11 Date: 1 Dec 94 19:23:16 AST Organization: University of Alaska ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Monster in the Wilderness by C. Zickuhr The HAARP project being constructed near Gakona, Alaska will create the largest-of-its-kind ionospheric heater using computer controlled radio frequency transmitters. HAARP, which stands for High Frequency Active Auroral Research Project, is a joint effort of the Air Force and the Navy. HAARP program manager, John Heckscher, claims that it is a research project with both military and civilian benefits yet only military experiments can be found in the documentation for the project. The acronym implies something to do with the aurora, but none of the project papers mention that aspect. What sounds like an engineering feat deserving of public accolade, has remained suspiciously low profile, almost unknown to most Alaskans as well as the rest of the country. Documents acquired from the Office of Naval Research via the Freedom Of Information Act reveal a more ominous purpose for HAARP. According to these documents, the U.S. military believes the former Soviet Union has similar heaters with which they claim to have achieved higher levels of ionospheric reaction than possible so far in the "West". Although smaller in size than the HAARP project, there are many other ground based transmitting heaters in operation around the world; Tromso, Norway and Arecibo, Puerto Rico among them. Can these heaters already be changing the weather, and have they somehow contributed to the recent climate-based catastrophes in the U.S? Might migratory species traveling through the "rays" have already experienced irreversible damage? How many humans have contracted cancers that might have remained dormant if not "excited" by these transmissions? When Russia's Zhirinovsky speaks of secret weapons, is he referring to their version of HAARP? HAARP first came to my attention in the spring of 1993, when a neighbor and airline pilot brought me materials on the project. The FAA had briefed commercial pilots in Alaska on changes needed to avoid interference from future HAARP transmissions. As a ham radio operator, my neighbor assumed that I had some knowledge of the "giant transmitter" and its effect on other communications. After making inquiries to other hams, a few recalled seeing announcements for public meetings in Glenallen and Anderson, Alaska. Several then attended these Draft Environmental Impact meetings and gathered information. FAA personnel, pilots, communications engineers and others raised serious questions during the HAARP Draft Environmental Impact Statement process. According to official statements, these questions were all properly addressed in the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS). Closer examination reveals a different story. Local FAA engineers, aware of the heavy safety dependency of airplane communications, voiced strong objections. The national FAA, however, overrode these objections and gave HAARP the green light after "assurances" that lower level concerns would be accommodated. The FEIS admits that all forms of radio communication are subject to interference, yet completely ignores the concerns expressed in many of the comments. Individuals, organizations and agencies that use radio for their day-to-day livelihood were left with a "let us know and we'll try to mitigate it" promise. It is important to remember the definition of mitigation is "to reduce", not "to eliminate". What recourse does the Alaskan Bush communicator have when their radio transmissions are rendered useless by HAARP? That is their only form of communication. The FEIS and other Department of Defense documents indicate that interference problems would be too great to allow it to be located near other military facilities in Alaska. What kind of monster is it that they can't even locate it near existing military bases? Even the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) has reservations about HAARP transmissions. They would only permit one of the test sites (Mineral Wells, Texas) to operate and so far have declined to extend all the requested frequency/power privileges necessary for the Alaska site. The enormous lobbying power of the military may overwhelm reason and force the NTIA to go along with the HAARP request. After all, Gakona is a "virtually uninhabited" area of the world. Electromagnetic radiation has drawn increasing interest in the form of health impact studies and research worldwide. The HAARP project will generate massive amounts of intentional and some unintentional radiation. The HAARP environmental impact statements deny possible biological effects on humans, citing obsolete IEEE standards that basically say if the radiation isn't causing you to feel heat, it does not harm you. The preponderance of current studies indicate there can by promotion of cancer growth, disorientation, and other negative physical effects from low level, non-heating electromagnetic radiation. Why have our government agencies given their affirmation to something so clearly controversial? After searching for answers to HAARP questions for the past year and a half, what has surfaced are very few answers and many more questions. How dangerous is HAARP (some physicists fear severe planetary consequences)? Commenting on HAARP in the April, 1994 issue of Physics and Society, C. L. Herzenberg says "...this technology does present issues that need to be publicly addressed by the technical community". Can HAARP change the ionosphere and weather patterns?? Can HAARP disrupt worldwide communications?? Can HAARP damage or destroy wildlife?? Will HAARP radiation change the migration habits of animals that come near it?? Can HAARP cause cancer?? Can the ionospheric effects of HAARP be controlled?? Why has the project been kept low profile and secretive, by the sponsors and the contractor (an ARCO subsidiary)? UPDATE: JUNE 1994 - ARCO sold their subsidiary to E-Systems, the 41st largest U.S. defense contractor noted for their counter surveillance work. Why have Alaska's public officials avoided providing serious answers to the public's questions?? Anything that can generate these questions deserves the MONSTER title and our serious attention. Additional pieces to the puzzle that have shown themselves only serve to heighten speculation that we are not getting clear and concise answers. There is a connection to the recently installed Cray supercomputer at UAF and to the Geophysical Institute there. There is an obvious power requirement that might be met by a proposed coal power plant at Healy, connected by a proposed power distribution intertie. Some of the experiments will require "seeding" the ionosphere with chemicals that could be delivered by rockets from the Poker Flats rocket range near Fairbanks. Patents held by the ARCO subsidiary building HAARP describe a similar ionospheric heater and claim abilities to stop missiles, change weather, and disrupt global communications. The inventor, Bernard Eastlund, claims he was hired by ARCO to find a use for their Alaska North Slope gas deposits; hence, his inventions described in the patents. Microwave News May/June, 1994 reported Eastlund said "The HAARP project obviously looks a lot like the first step toward this." The Gakona location is interesting as it was once destined to become an over-the-horizon radar facility. The Cold War ended before it could be completely built. This left the military with a remote location with buildings and generating equipment partially completed, and a choice - either restore it to its original natural condition or find another use. HAARP conveniently fits the site. Is the choice of this remote site for these monster transmitters more a factor of fewer people to complain? Does it reduce the number of humans exposed to HAARP transmissions thereby reducing the liability? What about the wildlife in the area, what exposures will they be subjected to? One need only remember experiments of another era that generated nuclear fall-out killing and crippling humans and animals in its path. It only took forty to fifty years to get the agencies involved to admit liability. In order to get an idea of just how large the HAARP transmitters are, imagine all the ham radio operators in the United States (there are over 500,000) transmitting at their maximum allowed power from one giant antenna. That still would not be as powerful as HAARP's multi-gigawatt (giga = billion) radiation capability. The average Alaskan ham can communicate across the state with less power than will be in the unintentional harmonics and side-lobes radiated by HAARP. What exactly will HAARP do? According to HAARP project documents it will "perturb" the ionosphere with extremely powerful beams of energy. Using polarized, pulsating radio frequency transmissions to perform experiments which include devising methods to destroy the communications capabilities of others (presumably an adversary) while preserving their own communications. Experiments with mirroring and reflecting abilities of the ionosphere (abilities we currently depend on for all forms of communication) will be carried out to see what military purposes may be served by the resulting changes. An apt analogy that springs to mind is that of an inquisitive youngster poking a sleeping bear with a stick, to see what might happen! What will we do once the monster is unleashed? The Alaska location was partially picked for its alignment with the earth's magnetic force lines. Military experiments with the magnetosphere also appear to be planned. And again the scientists warn of possible dire consequences, including setting the earth into some unexpected vibration or oscillation, similar to an axis wobble. Many scientists such as Richard Williams writing in Physics and Society in April, 1988 have denounced this kind of testing as irresponsible and downright dangerous, fearing long term negative ionospheric effects. Also, like any magnet, the force lines will react at their opposite pole, near Australia and New Zealand. Australians are concerned enough to consider sending a team to Alaska to document and investigate HAARP. Shouldn't Alaskans be interested too? A group of NO HAARP activists is seeking to formalize their opposition by incorporating as a non-profit organization or affiliating with an existing group. Their prime purposes will be to promote awareness, file legal actions and other activities focused specifically on HAARP, something no group is currently doing. In fact, probably due to the remoteness of the Gakona location, it has been difficult to get outsiders interested. We are quite aware that the promoters of HAARP fully realize that they have the upper organizational hand and the money to outlast our grassroots opposition. Those of us in NO HAARP are committed to doing what we can to stop the project before it comes on-line with full power in 1997. Considering the project has been underway since the mid-1980's, this will be a difficult task. Luckily it was not completely funded as of a year ago. There is hope that legislative alternatives to stop it may exist as well. John Heckscher was quoted by Microwave News in the May/June, 1994 issue saying that "money for completion of the demonstration project is in place . . . but the larger facility would require additional funding from Congress". Unfortunately, this additional funding is likely to be buried deep in the DOD budget. What can you do? Of course you can try to "write your congress person". The Alaska delegation to congress is noted for their alignment with the military so don't expect too much action from them. Send contributions for the NO HAARP effort to Jim Roderick, P.O. Box 916, Homer, AK 99603. You can lobby with the NTIA to turn down the HAARP frequency/power request. You can make others aware of the HAARP project and the questions it raises. Contact Eric Nashlund at 907-8223602 or snail at HCO-1 Box 271 Copper Center, AK. 99573 Kirtland AFB is the source of information through FOIA that we have received info on this projrect. ...Later Larry GLENDA STOCKS | FidoNet 1:330/201.0 SearchNet HeadQuarters | InterNet searchnet.zec@channel1.com Snet Mailing List info, SEND | BBS: 508-586-6977 / 617-961-4865 info snet-L TO | Download SEARCHNT.ZIP For Info! majordomo@world.std.com OR | Voicemail: +1-617-341-6114 subscribe snet-L "address" | FidoNet CHANNELS, & I_UFO moderator * RM 1.3 00257 * Gather round like sheep and ye shall be herd. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HAARPNF2 - note about current NEXUS magazine article Origin: EMAIL - 0000 - NETMAIL From: SNET PRIVATE To: SNET@WORLD.STD.COM Date: 12/06/94 at 06:47 Re: (fwd) Re: Government and ------------------------------------------------------------------- From snet Tue Dec 6 06:47:34 1994 Received: by world.std.com (5.65c/Spike-2.0) id AA01479; Tue, 6 Dec 1994 06:47:34 -0500 Date: Tue, 6 Dec 1994 06:47:34 -0500 From: snet (Glenda M Stocks) Message-Id: <199412061147.AA01479@world.std.com> To: snet@world.std.com Subject: (fwd) Re: Government and Psi Part 11 Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy Organization: The World Public Access UNIX, Brookline, MA Xref: world alt.conspiracy:69458 Path: world!news.kei.com!eff!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!news.ysu.edu!yfn.ysu.edu!ad626 From: ad626@yfn.ysu.edu (Steve Crocker) Newsgroups: alt.conspiracy Subject: Re: Government and Psi Part 11 Date: 5 Dec 1994 09:05:12 GMT Organization: Youngstown State/Youngstown Free-Net Lines: 13 Message-ID: <3bul48$nlo@news.ysu.edu> NNTP-Posting-Host: yfn2.ysu.edu There is a very well-researched and informative article on HAARP in the Oct/Nov 1994 issue of Nexus magazine. The contact info for the author is: Nick Begich Jr. PO Box 201393 Anchorage, AK 99520 (907)694-1277 Nick is the son of the late Alaskan Congressman Nick Begich Sr. -Steve