(word processor parameters LM=8, RM=75, TM=2, BM=2) Taken from KeelyNet BBS (214) 324-3501 Sponsored by Vangard Sciences PO BOX 1031 Mesquite, TX 75150 There are ABSOLUTELY NO RESTRICTIONS on duplicating, publishing or distributing the files on KeelyNet except where noted! February 18, 1994 BIOMAG3.ASC -------------------------------------------------------------------- From the now defunct PLENUM newsletter Volume 1 - Number 3 / September-October 1989 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Magnetics - Part 1 The orthodox version as taught in our schools William Gilbert, court physician of Queen Elizabeth I, was the first to study magnets from a scientific viewpoint. Gilbert discovered that the Earth was a giant magnet by mounting a magnetized needle so that it could pivot freely in a vertical direction (known since as a "dip needle") so that the north pole dipped toward the ground. The earth was modelled by a spherical lodestone which showed that the needle would behave exactly the same way as the earth when held over the "northern hemisphere", which is where Gilbert was at the time of his experiment. These researches can be checked out in his work entitled DE MAGNETE. Scientists have long speculated that the Earth might have a gigantic iron magnet at its core. Modern studies have shown the central core to be molten which discounts the magnet theory due to the phenomenon known as the "Curie temperature". When iron is heated, it loses its strong magnetic properties. This occurs at 760 degrees Centigrade (for iron). The temperature at the Earth's core is CALCULATED to be at least 1000 degrees Centigrade indicating there is NO magnetic field at the core. However, as the metal cools, it would become magnetic. The "Curie temperature" was discovered by Pierre Curie in 1895. Cobalt and nickel, also ferromagnetic (ferro = iron), lose their magnetic properties when exposed to high temperatures. Nickel at 356 degrees Centigrade and Cobalt at 1075 degrees Centigrade. At low temperatures, certain other metals are ferromagnetic. Dysprosium becomes ferromagnetic at -188 degrees Centigrade. Magnetism is a property of the atom itself. In most materials the atomic magnets are randomly oriented, so that most of the effect is cancelled out. Weak properties are however detectable and are referred to as "paramagnetism." The magnetic strength is referred to as "permeability." Vacuum has a permeability of 1.00. Paramagnetic substances range between 1.00 and 1.01. Nickel has a permeability of 40, cobalt of 55, while iron is in the thousands. Magnetic "domains" are tiny areas about .001 to .1 centimeters in diameter, and are where atomic magnets line up to Page 1 reinforce one another. This reinforcement produces strong fields within the domains. In unmagnetized iron, the domains are randomly oriented, thus cancelling out one another's effect. When the domains are brought into line by action of another magnet, the iron is considered magnetized. The reorientation of domains during the magnetism process produces clicking and hissing noises which can be detected by proper amplification. This phenomenon is termed the "Barkhausen effect" after the German physicist, Heinrich Barkhausen. In "anti-ferromagnetic substances", such as manganese, the domains also line up, but in alternate directions. This cancels out most of the magnetism. Again, above a particular temperature, substances lose this anti-ferromagnetic effect and becomes paramagnetic (attractive to magnetism). Michael Faraday wound a coil of wire around a segment of an iron ring and a second coil of wire around another segment of the ring. When he connected the first coil to a battery, a momentary induced current could be detected in the second coil. The galvanometer (current meter) showed a positive increase as the magnetism rushed in when the power was switched on. When the battery was switched off, the collapsing lines of magnetic force again cut across the wire of the second coil, causing a momentary surge of electricity in the opposite direction of the first flow. This was the first "transformer." Physicist Walter Maurice Elsasser has proposed that the rotation of the earth sets up slow eddies in the molten iron core, circling west to east. These eddies have the effect of PRODUCING AN ELECTRIC CURRENT, also circling west to east. Just as Faraday's coil of wire produced magnetic lines of force within the coil, so does the circling electric current in the earth's core. An internal magnet is created with a north/south axis. This accounts for the earth's magnetic field, oriented roughly along the axis of rotation, so that the magnetic poles are near the north and south geographic poles. The north magnetic pole is off the coast of northern Canada about one thousand miles from the actual geographics North pole. The South magnetic pole is near the Antartica shoreline west of Ross Sea, again about one thousand miles from the geographic South Pole. Interestingly enough, the magnetic poles are NOT DIRECTLY OPPOSITE EACH OTHER on the globe. A LINE PASSING THROUGH THEM DOES NOT PASS DIRECTLY THROUGH THE CENTER OF THE EARTH. The deviation of the compass needle from the "true North", (the direction of the geographic North Pole) varies irregularly as one travels east or west. The compass needle shifted on Columbus' first voyage which he hid from his crew lest it excite terror in them that would force him to turn back. Modern physics texts teach that North Pole energy is an inflow while South Pole energy is an outflow. The North pole of a magnet is the "north-seeking pole" of a bar magnet which points toward the geographics North pole. Page 2 In 1580, the tilt or declination of the magnetic field was measured at 11 degrees East, 0 degrees in 1657, 25 degrees West in 1820 and is currently DECREASING with a value of about 7 degrees West in 1972. The North end of a magnet attracts the South end of another bar magnet, so we say that in magnetics, LIKE POLES REPEL AND UNLIKE POLES ATTRACT. This is caused by the interaction between the moving and spinning orbital electrons which are bound to the nuclei. Also, the radical differences between iron and copper are due to the possibility of cooperation between oriented domains in the iron. Therefore, ALL magnetic charges can ultimately be described in terms of moving charges. Modern efficient magnet coils use wires of a superconducting alloy (cooled below the Curie transition temperature.) A typical commercially available magnet uses an alloy of 75% Nb - (Niobium) and 25% Zr - (Zirconium) cooled to 4.2 degrees Kelvin. Such a wire of only .01 inch diameter carries 25 Amperes with absolutely no Joule heating. The "Right-Hand Rule" is demonstrated in the diagram on the left. If you picture your right hand grasping the shaft with the thumb pointing up, the positive current will be flowing in the direction of your thumb. (SEE BIOMAG3.GIF) The fingers of your right hand would then indicate the direction of the magnetic lines of force which will be CCW if looking DOWN ONTO the elliptical flux lines. Modern magnetics teaches that the lines of magnetic flux enter from the North Pole and exit from the South Pole. These lines bow out into space from the RADIATING SOUTH POLE to rejoin the CONDENSING NORTH POLE. There are theories which posit the existence of a MAGNETIC MONOPOLE. This would be a magnetic mass with ONLY A SOUTH POLE OR ONLY A NORTH POLE. This postulated phenomenon has yet to be witnessed under laboratory conditions although there have been reports in isolated instances. (over the past few years, we received a copy of a patent showing a configuration of magnets which form a SINGLE monopole, either north or south depending on the orientation of the 6 magnets which comprise the structure, they are arranged in an X,Y,Z axis with a common pole pointing toward the center) In the next issue of the PLENUM, we will go into the research findings of Albert Roy Davis and Walter Rawls. Here we will being to see a potential conflict when attempting to define spin as CW or CCW. It is entirely dependent on the PERSPECTIVE OF THE VIEWER. -------------------------------------------------------------------- If you have comments or other information relating to such topics as this paper covers, please upload to KeelyNet or send to the Vangard Sciences address as listed on the first page. Thank you for your consideration, interest and support. Jerry W. Decker.........Ron Barker...........Chuck Henderson Vangard Sciences/KeelyNet -------------------------------------------------------------------- If we can be of service, you may contact Jerry at (214) 324-8741 or Ron at (214) 242-9346 -------------------------------------------------------------------- Page 3